“Copaiba”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Copaiba is a stimulant oleoresin obtained from the trunk of several pinnate-leaved South American leguminous trees (genus Copaifera). The thick, transparent exudate varies in color from light gold to dark brown, depending on the ratio of resin to essential oil. Copaiba is used in making varnishes and lacquers.

The balsam may be steam distilled to give copaiba oil, a colorless to light yellow liquid with the characteristic odor of the balsam and an aromatic, slightly bitter, pungent taste. The oil consists primarily of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons; its main component is caryophyllene.^[1]

Copaiba is also a common name for several species of trees of the legume family native to Tropical Africa and North and South America.

Uses

Copaiba is particularly interesting as a source of biodiesel, because of the high yield of 12,000 liters or 3170 gallons per ha. The resin is tapped from standing trees, with an individual tree yielding 40 liters or 10.6 gallons per year.^[2]

It has a long history of use as a folk medicine. In Panama, the Yaviza people mix the resin with honey and give it to newborns to impart knowledge and ward off hexes.^[4]

Within the Peruvian Amazon near Iquitos, it is also used as an insect repellent.

The balsam and its oil are used as fixatives in soap perfumes and fragrances.^[1]

Copaiba is also used as an artist material, especially in oil paint recipes and in ceramic decoration. Mineral painters use a medium made of copaiba, turpentine and lavender to mix with their minerals for adhesion to ceramic vessels before kiln firing. Copaiba makes a good medium for oils and helps with both adhesion and quality of shine.

History

Copaiba oil-resins extracted have been used medicinally dating back to the 16th century by the natives of north and northeastern Brazil. The folk remedies were administered orally or used as an ointment in the treatment of various diseases.^[5]

Medicinal

In the 21st century, studies have shown that the beneficial effects of Copaiba are due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-tetanus, antiseptic and antihemorrhagic properties.^[6]^[7]

In Brazil, studies on the medicinal plants, especially Copaiba oil-resin, are documented in one rat study to have no effect on healing a severed intestine.^[8]

Industry and commerce

Amazon rainforest

The production of Copaiba oil is socially significant to the Amazon because it represents approximately 95% of Brazil's oil-resin production industry. The Annual production of Copaiba oil in the Amazon is estimated to be 500 tons/year.^[9] The commercialization of Copaiba as an oil or in capsule form has grown due to demand by traditional and widespread use, and is exported to other countries, including the United States, France, and Germany.^[10]

Despite its usage in various pharmacological forms and wide use in folk medicine, Copaiba has not been officially registered as a phytochemical drug. Experiments to assess any cytotoxic and mutagenic potential of Copaiba-derived resin are underway in Brazil to determine safe usage, prior to phytochemical drug development. Under experimental conditions employed in a study on mice, it was concluded that the oil-resin from commercial Copaiba oil-resin showed no genotoxic or mutagenic effects.^[5]

References

1. ^¹{{citation | author=Karl-Georg Fahlbusch | contribution=Flavors and Fragrances | title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry | edition=7th | publisher=Wiley | year=2007 | page=96|display-authors=etal| title-link=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry }}
2. ^{{cite news | publisher=Sydney Morning Herald | date=2006-09-19 | accessdate=2006-10-14 | title=Farmer planning diesel tree biofuel | url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Farmer-planning-diesel-tree-biofuel/2006/09/19/1158431695812.html}}
3. ^{{cite news | publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | date=2007-04-24 | accessdate=2007-04-26 | title=New fuel source from trees | url=http://www.abc.net.au/tropic/stories/s1905459.htm}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
4. ^{{Duke Handbook|sectionurl=Copaifera_langsdorfii.html|section=Copaifera langsdorfii Desf.}}
5. ^¹{{cite journal | pmc = 3459418 | pmid=23055807 | doi=10.1590/S1415-47572012005000052 | volume=35 | issue=3 | title=Genotoxicity assessment of Copaiba oil and its fractions in Swiss mice | journal=Genet Mol Biol | pages=664–72 | vauthors=Almeida MR, Darin JD, Hernandes LC, de Souza Ramos MF, Antunes LM, de Freitas O| year=2012 }}
6. ^{{cite journal | pmid = 17029841 | doi=10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.018 | volume=109 | issue=3 | title=Antinociceptive activity of Amazonian Copaiba oils | journal=J Ethnopharmacol | pages=486–92 |vauthors=Gomes NM, Rezende CM, Fontes SP, Matheus ME, Fernandes PD | year=2007 }}
7. ^{{cite journal | pmid = 20438324 | doi=10.1089/jmf.2009.0119 | volume=13 | issue=3 | title=In vitro evaluation of the genotoxic activity and apoptosis induction of the extracts of roots and leaves from the medicinal plant Coccoloba mollis (Polygonaceae) | journal=J Med Food | pages=503–8 |vauthors=Tsuboy MS, Marcarini JC, Luiz RC, Barros IB, Ferreira DT, Ribeiro LR, Mantovani MS | year=2010 | hdl=11449/42345 }}
8. ^{{cite journal | pmid = 20676496 | volume=25 | issue=4 | title=Rupture point analysis of intestinal anastomotic healing in rats under the action of pure Copaíba (Copaifera Iangsdorfii) oil | journal=Acta Cir Bras | pages=362–7 |vauthors=Comelli Júnior E, Skinovski J, Sigwalt MF, Branco AB, Luz SR, Baulé Cde P | year=2010 | doi=10.1590/S0102-86502010000400012 }}
9. ^Sustainability of extraction and production of copaiba (Copaifera multijuga Hayne) oleoresin in Manaus, AM, Brazil. (Medeiros and Vieira, 2008; Brazil, 2011). Medeiros RD, Vieira G. For Ecol Manage. 2008;256:282–288.
10. ^{{cite journal | pmid = 11536374 | volume=15 | issue=6 | title=Phytochemical and antioedematogenic studies of commercial copaiba oils available in Brazil | journal=Phytother Res | pages=476–80 |vauthors=Veiga VF Jr, Zunino L, Calixto JB, Patitucci ML, Pinto AC | doi=10.1002/ptr.976| year=2001 }}