| 词条 | Calomel |
| 释义 |
| name = Calomel | boxwidth = | boxbgcolor = | image = Calomel, Terlinguaite-222734.jpg | imagesize = 260px | alt = | caption = Amber calomel crystals and bright yellow terlinguaite on gossan matrix, 3 mm. across | category = Halide mineral | formula = (Hg2)2+Cl2 | strunz = 3.AA.30 | dana = | system = Tetragonal | class = Ditetragonal dipyramidal 4/mmm (4/m 2/m 2/m) - | symmetry = | unit cell = a = 4.4795(5) Å, c = 10.9054(9) Å; Z=4 | color = Colorless, white, grayish, yellowish white, yellowish grey to ash-grey, brown | habit = Crystals commonly tabular to prismatic, equant pyramidal; common as drusy crusts, earthy, massive. | twinning = Contact and penetration twins on {112}, | cleavage = Good on {110}, uneven to imperfect on {011} | fracture = Conchoidal | tenacity = Sectile | mohs = 1.5 | luster = Adamantine | streak = | diaphaneity = Transparent to translucent | gravity = 7.5 | polish = | opticalprop = Uniaxial (+) | refractive = nω = 1.973 nε = 2.656 | birefringence = | pleochroism = | 2V = | dispersion = | extinction = | length fast/slow = | fluorescence = Brick-red under UV | absorption = | melt = | fusibility = | diagnostic = | solubility = | impurities = | alteration = | other = | references = [1][1][2] }}Calomel is a mercury chloride mineral with formula Hg2Cl2 (see mercury(I) chloride). The name derives from Greek kalos (beautiful) and melos (black) because it turns black on reaction with ammonia. This was known to alchemists.[1] Calomel occurs as a secondary mineral which forms as an alteration product in mercury deposits. It occurs with native mercury, amalgam, cinnabar, mercurian tetrahedrite, eglestonite, terlinguaite, montroydite, kleinite, moschelite, kadyrelite, kuzminite, chursinite, kelyanite, calcite, limonite and various clay minerals.[3] The type locality is Moschellandsburg, Alsenz-Obermoschel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.[1] ElectrochemistryCalomel is used as the interface between metallic mercury and a chloride solution in a saturated calomel electrode, which is used in electrochemistry to measure pH and electrical potentials in solutions, In most electrochemical measurements, it is necessary to keep one of the electrodes in an electrochemical cell at a constant potential. This so-called reference electrode allows control of the potential of a working electrode.[4] MedicineCalomel was a widespread and popular medicine for administration to infants as a purgative to treat intestinal worms and "clear out noxious matter" but was used indiscriminately for a great number of ailments. It is tasteless and, mixed with a sweetener, was readily taken. Fumigation tents to supply calomel, heated on a metal plate, as a sublimate within children's lungs were a later method of delivery. As the mercury it contained had the effect of softening the gums, it was made the principle constituent of teething powders, until the mid-twentieth century.[5] The compound is a laxative and once was a common medicine, especially on the American frontier. It fell out of use at the end of the 19th century due to its toxicity. One victim was Alvin Smith, the eldest brother of Joseph Smith, founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.[6] References1. ^1 2 [https://www.mindat.org/min-869.html Calomel on Mindat] {{authority control}}{{halide-mineral-stub}}2. ^Calomel on Webmin 3. ^1 The Handbook of Mineralogy 4. ^{{Citation|last=Kahlert|first=Heike|title=Reference Electrodes|date=2010-09-01|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226760324_Reference_Electrodes|work=Electroanalytical Methods|isbn=978-3-642-02914-1|publisher=Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg|pages=291–308|access-date=2018-07-10|doi=10.1007/978-3-642-02915-8_15}}. PDF available. 5. ^{{cite book |last1=Swiderski |first1=Richard M. |title=Calomel in America : mercurial panacea, war, song and ghosts |date=2009 |publisher=BrownWalker Press |location=Boca Raton, FA |isbn=978-1-59942-467-5 |pages=37–9}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.westonaprice.org/health-topics/environmental-toxins/beautiful-black-poison/ |title=Beautiful Black Poison |last=Schmid |first=Jennifer |publisher=Weston A. Price Foundation |archivedate=2009-04-02 |accessdate=2017-10-05 }} 3 : Halide minerals|Mercury minerals|Withdrawn drugs |
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