| 词条 | Canton of Jura | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = République et canton du Jura | settlement_type = Canton | image_shield = Wappen Jura matt.svg | shield_size = 80x80px | shield_link = | image_map = {{maplink|frame=y|plain=yes|frame-align=center|zoom=6|type=shape|id=|stroke-color=|stroke-width=2|frame-lat=46.7|frame-long=8.25|frame-width=275|frame-height=175}} | map_alt = Map of Switzerland, location of Jura highlighted | map_caption = Location in Switzerland{{Infobox|child=yes |rowclass1 = mergedrow |data1 ={{hidden | header = Map of Jura | headerstyle = text-align: left; height:auto; padding:0.2em; padding-left:0.6em; padding-right:2em; | style = border:1px solid grey; | contentstyle = text-align: center; | content = }} }} | coordinates = {{#invoke:coordinates|coordinsert|{{coord|47|22|N|7|9|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}|region:CH-JU}} | seat_type = Capital | seat = Delémont | seat1_type = | seat1 = | parts_type = Subdivisions | parts_style = para | p1 = 64 municipalities | p2 = 3 districts | leader_title = Executive | leader_name = Gouvernement (5) | leader_title1 = Legislative | leader_name1 = Parlement (60) | area_footnotes = {{Swiss area data||QUELLE-KT}} | area_total_km2 = {{Swiss area|JU|km=yes }} | population_footnotes = {{Swiss populations ref|CH-JU }} | population_total = {{formatnum:{{Swiss populations NC|CH-JU|CH-JU}}}} | population_as_of = {{#time: m/Y | {{Swiss populations data CH-JU|TIMESTAMP}} }} | population_density_km2 = auto | iso_code = CH-JU | blank_name_sec1 = Highest point | blank_info_sec1 = {{convert|1302|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}: {{#ifexist:Mont Raimeux|Mont Raimeux|Mont Raimeux}} | blank1_name_sec1 = Lowest point | blank1_info_sec1 = {{convert|364|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}: {{#ifexist:Allaine at Boncourt|Allaine at Boncourt|Allaine at Boncourt}} | blank_name_sec2 = Joined | blank_info_sec2 = 1979 | blank1_name_sec2 = Languages | blank1_info_sec2 = French | website = JU.ch }} The Republic and Canton of the Jura ({{lang-fr|République et canton du Jura}}), also known as the canton of Jura or canton Jura, is the newest (founded in 1979) of the 26 Swiss cantons, located in the northwestern part of Switzerland. The capital is Delémont. It shares borders with the canton of Basel-Landschaft, the canton of Bern, the canton of Neuchatel, the canton of Solothurn, and the French régions of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté and Grand Est. History{{further|Prince-Bishopric of Basel|Rauracian Republic|Jurassic separatism}}The King of Burgundy donated much of the land that today makes up canton Jura to the Bishop of Basel in 999. The area was a sovereign state within the Holy Roman Empire for more than 800 years. After the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 the Jura had close ties with the Swiss Confederation. At the Congress of Vienna (1815), the Jura region became part of the canton of Bern. This act caused dissention. The Jura was French-speaking and Roman Catholic, whereas the canton of Bern was mostly German-speaking and Protestant. After World War II, a separatist movement campaigned for a secession of Jura from the canton of Bern. After a long and partly militant struggle, which included some arson attacks by a youth organisation Les Béliers, a constitution was accepted in 1977. In 1978 the split was made official when the Swiss people voted in favour, and in 1979 the Jura joined the Swiss Confederation as a full member. The canton celebrated its independence from the canton of Bern on 23 June. However, the southern part of the region, which is also predominantly French-speaking but has a Protestant majority, opted not to join the newly formed canton, instead remaining part of the canton of Bern. Although this decision may be considered strange linguistically, the choice may have been influenced by the fact that the canton of Bern is financially richer and is at the heart of federal power in Switzerland. The area is now known as Bernese Jura. The word Jura, therefore, may refer either to canton Jura, or to the combined territory of canton Jura and the Bernese Jura. Switzerland as a whole often presents the latter from a touristic standpoint with documentation easily available in French or German. On creation, the canton adopted the title Republic and canton of the Jura. Other cantons in Switzerland using the title "Republic and Canton" are Ticino, the canton of Geneva, and the canton of Neuchâtel. In each case, the title refers to the autonomy of the canton and its nominal sovereignty within the Swiss Confederation. Since 1994, the question of the Jura region has again been controversial. In 2004, a federal commission proposed that the French-speaking southern Jura be reunited with the canton of Jura, as the language question now seems to be more important than the denominational one. A possible solution would be to create two half-cantons, as reunification with the creation of only a single canton would mean a complete restructuring of the Jura's current political system, with the cantonal capital being transferred from Delémont to Moutier. On 18 June, 2017, the town of Moutier voted to quit Bern and join the canton of Jura. On 17 September, 2017, the nearby municipalities of Belprahon and Sorvilier conversely voted to remain in the canton of Bern.[1] The vote in Moutier has since been declared invalid.[2] GeographyCanton Jura lies in the northwest of Switzerland. It consists of parts of the Jura mountains in the south and the Jura plateau in the north. The Jura plateau is hilly and almost entirely limestone. The districts of Ajoie and Franches-Montagnes lie in this region. The term "Jurassic" is derived from the Jura Alps, strata of which date to that era. To the north and the west of the canton lies France. The canton of Solothurn and Basel-Landschaft are to east of the canton, while the canton of Bern bounds the Jura to the south. The rivers Doubs and the Birs drain the lands. The Doubs joins the Saône and then the Rhône, whereas the Birs is a tributary to the Rhine. Political subdivisionsDistrictsJura is divided into 3 districts:
Municipalities{{Main|Municipalities of the canton of Jura}}There are 64 municipalities in the canton ({{As of|2009}}).[3] PoliticsFederal election results
{{note|a|a}} FDP before 2009, FDP.The Liberals after 2009 {{note|b|b}} "*" indicates that the party was not on the ballot in this canton. {{note|c|c}} Part of the canton of Bern DemographicsThe population is almost entirely French-speaking. Just one municipality is German-speaking: Ederswiler. The majority of the population is Roman Catholic (75% {{as of|2000|lc=on}}) with a small Protestant minority (13%).[5] The population of the canton (as of {{Swiss populations date|CH-JU}}) is {{Swiss populations|CH-JU|CH-JU}}.{{Swiss populations ref|CH-JU}} {{as of|2007}}, the population included 8,195 foreigners, or about 11.8% of the total population.[6] Historic populationThe historical population is given in the following chart:[7] Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.8) ImageSize = width:700 height:500 PlotArea = height:350 left: 100 bottom:90 right:100 Legend = columns:3 left:220 top:70 columnwidth:160 AlignBars = justify DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:69000 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:14000 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:2800 start:0 Colors= id:TO value:yellowgreen legend:Total id:FR value:teal legend:French_Speaking id:GE value:green legend:German_Speaking id:PR value:lightpurple legend:Protestant id:CA value:oceanblue legend:Catholic id:SW value:red legend:Swiss PlotData= color:yellowgreen width:40 mark:(line,white) align:center bar:1850 from:start till:44921 text:"44,921" color:TO bar:1880 from:start till:52116 text:"52,116" color:TO bar:1900 from:start till:57575 text:"57,575" color:TO bar:1950 from:start till:59554 text:"59,554" color:TO bar:1970 from:start till:67325 text:"67,325" color:TO bar:2000 from:start till:68224 text:"68,224" color:TO LineData = points:(200,325)(300,339) color:FR points:(300,339)(400,346) color:FR points:(400,346)(500,370) color:FR points:(500,370)(600,401) color:FR points:(200,120)(300,127) color:GE points:(300,127)(400,131) color:GE points:(400,131)(500,119) color:GE points:(500,119)(600,105) color:GE points:(100,95)(200,109) color:PR points:(200,109)(300,126) color:PR points:(300,126)(400,143) color:PR points:(400,143)(500,142) color:PR points:(500,142)(600,133) color:PR points:(100,312)(200,334) color:CA points:(200,334)(300,345) color:CA points:(300,345)(400,336) color:CA points:(400,336)(500,376) color:CA points:(500,376)(600,349) color:CA points:(100,304)(200,333) color:SW points:(200,333)(300,353) color:SW points:(300,353)(400,378) color:SW points:(400,378)(500,389) color:SW points:(500,389)(600,392) color:SW
EconomyAgriculture is important in canton Jura. Cattle breeding is significant, but there is also horse breeding (the Franches-Montagnes is the last Swiss horse race). The main industries are watches, textiles and tobacco. There is a growing number of small and medium-sized businesses. In 2001, there were 3,578 people who worked in the primary economic sector. 14,109 people were employed in the secondary sector and 16,513 people were employed in the tertiary sector.[7]In 2001, the canton produced 0.9% of the entire Swiss national income while it had 0.9% of the total population.[7] In 2005, the average share of the national income per resident of the canton was 38,070 CHF, while the national average was 54,031 CHF, or about 70% of the national income per person.[8] Between 2003 and 2005, the average income grew at a rate of 6.4%, which was larger than the national rate of 5.3%. The average taxes in the canton are higher than in most cantons, in 2006, the tax index in the canton was 126.6 (Swiss average is 100.0). In 2006, the canton had the highest final tax rate on high wage earners (15.26% on a married couple with two children earning 150,000 CHF vs 11.6% nationally), though the tax rate was in the middle for lower-income families.[8] CultureThe eau de vie Damassine is one typical produce of the Ajoie area. (see Terroir Jura and [https://web.archive.org/web/20090707191451/http://www.jura.ch/portal/site/acju] Jura Infos) See also
Notes and references1. ^[https://www.thelocal.ch/20170918/two-bern-villages-vote-against-following-moutier-to-canton-jura The Local] 2. ^[https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/directdemocracy/moutier_separatist-vote-declared-invalid-in-swiss-town-/44521590 Swiss Info] 5 November 2018 3. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/infothek/nomenklaturen/blank/blank/gem_liste/03.Document.90142.xls | title=Liste officielle des communes de la Suisse - 01.01.2008 | work=Office fédéral de la statistique | accessdate=15 December 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612012604/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/fr/index/infothek/nomenklaturen/blank/blank/gem_liste/03.Document.90142.xls | archive-date=12 June 2009 | dead-url=yes | df=dmy-all }} 4. ^{{cite report |title=Nationalratswahlen: Stärke der Parteien nach Kantonen (Schweiz = 100%) |publisher=Swiss Federal Statistical Office |date=2015 |url=http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/dos/09.html |access-date=2016-08-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802014002/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/17/02/blank/dos/09.html |archivedate=2016-08-02 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 5. ^{{cite web | last = Federal Department of Statistics | title = Wohnbevölkerung nach Religion | year = 2004 | url = http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/religionen.html | format = Interactive Map | accessdate = 2009-01-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160924182116/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/religionen.html | archive-date = 2016-09-24 | dead-url = yes | df = }} 6. ^{{cite web | last = Federal Department of Statistics | title = Ständige Wohnbevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit, Geschlecht und Kantonen | year = 2008 | url = http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/raeumliche_verteilung/kantone__gemeinden.html | format = Microsoft Excel | accessdate = November 5, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081215033605/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/raeumliche_verteilung/kantone__gemeinden.html | archive-date = December 15, 2008 | dead-url = yes | df = mdy-all }} 7. ^1 2 3 {{HDS|7399|Canton of Jura}} 8. ^1 Regionale Disparitäten in der Schweiz - Schlüsselindikatoren {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614041559/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/regionen/03/key/00.html |date=2013-06-14 }} {{de icon}} {{fr icon}} accessed 20 December 2011 Bibliography
External links{{Commons category}}
4 : Cantons of Switzerland|Canton of Jura|1979 establishments in Switzerland|States and territories established in 1979 |
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