| 词条 | Crocus sativus | ||||
| 释义 |
|name = Saffron crocus |image = Crocus sativus2.jpg |image_alt = A single shell-shaped violet flower is in sharp centre focus amidst a blurred daytime and overcast garden backdrop of soil, leaves, and leaf litter. Four narrow spine-like green leaves flank the stem of the blossom before curving outward. From the base of the flower emerge two crooked and brilliant crimson rod-like projections pointing down sideways. They are very thin and half the length of the blossom. |image_caption = Crocus sativus blossom with crimson stigmas |genus = Crocus |species = sativus |authority = L. |synonyms =
|synonyms_ref =[1] }}Crocus sativus, commonly known as saffron crocus, or autumn crocus,[2] is a species of flowering plant of the Crocus genus in the Iridaceae family. It is best known for producing the spice saffron from the filaments that grow inside the flower. The term "autumn crocus" is also mistakenly used for flowers in the Colchicum species. However, crocuses have 3 stamens and 3 styles, while colchicum have 6 stamens and 1 style and are toxic.[2] This cormous autumn-flowering perennial plant species is unknown in the wild.[3] Human cultivation of saffron crocus and use of saffron have taken place for more than 3,500 years and spans different cultures, continents, and civilizations, see history of saffron. Crocus sativus is currently known to grow in the Mediterranean, East Asia, and Irano-Turanian Region.[5] Saffron is the triploid form of a species found in Eastern Greece, Crocus cartwrightianus;[4][5] it probably appeared first in Southern Greece on the Attic peninsula[6] or the Cretan island. An origin in Western or Central Asia, although often suspected, is not supported by botanical research.[7] Other sources suggested some genetic input from Crocus pallasii,[10] which has not been verified by chromosome[4] and genome[6] comparisons. MorphologyCrocus sativus has a corm, which holds leaves, bracts, bracteole, and the flowering stalk.[8] These are protected by the corm underground. C. sativus generally blooms with purple flowers in the autumn. The plant grows about 10 to 30 cm high.[9] C. sativus is a triploid with 24 chromosomes, which means it has three times the haploid number of chromosomes. This makes the plant sterile due to its inability to pair chromosomes during meiosis.[10]CultivationCrocus sativus is unknown in the wild, and its ancestor is unknown. The species Crocus cartwrightianus is the most probable ancestor,[11][12] but C. thomassi and C. pallasii are still being considered as potential predecessors.[13] Manual vegetative multiplication is necessary to produce offspring for this species as the plant itself is a triploid that is self-incompatible and male sterile, therefore rendering it incapable of sexual reproduction. This inability to reproduce on its own supports the hypothesis that C. sativus is a mutant descending from C. carthwrightianus as a result of selective breeding. Corms of Crocus sativus should be planted 4 inches apart and in a trough 4 inches deep. The flower grows best in areas of full sun in well-drained soil with moderate levels of organic content.[14] The corms will multiply after each year, and will last 3–5 years.[15] UseSaffron is considered to be the most valuable spice by weight.[8] See spice. Depending on the size of harvested stigmas, 50,000–75,000 Crocus sativus plants are needed to produce about 1 pound of saffron;[16] each flower only produces three stigmas. Stigmas should be harvested mid-morning when the flowers are fully opened.[15] The saffron crocus (Crocus sativus) should not be confused with "meadow" saffron or autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale) which is poisonous.[17]GallerySee alsoTopics related to saffron:
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-327454|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species|accessdate=23 April 2015}} 2. ^A Handbook of Crocus and Colchicum for Gardeners, Bowles, E. A., D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1952, page 154 3. ^1 {{GRIN | accessdate=23 April 2015}} 4. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Schmidt|first=Thomas|last2=Heitkam|first2=Tony|last3=Liedtke|first3=Susan|last4=Schubert|first4=Veit|last5=Menzel|first5=Gerhard|title=Adding color to a century-old enigma: multi-color chromosome identification unravels the autotriploid nature of saffron (Crocus sativus) as a hybrid of wild Crocus cartwrightianus cytotypes|url=https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/nph.15715|journal=New Phytologist|language=en|volume=0|issue=ja|doi=10.1111/nph.15715|issn=1469-8137}} 5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Nemati|first=Zahra|last2=Blattner|first2=Frank R.|last3=Kerndorff|first3=Helmut|last4=Erol|first4=Osman|last5=Harpke|first5=Dörte|date=2018-10-01|title=Phylogeny of the saffron-crocus species group, Crocus series Crocus (Iridaceae)|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790317308229|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=127|pages=891–897|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2018.06.036|issn=1055-7903}} 6. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Blattner|first=Frank R.|last2=Kerndorff|first2=Helmut|last3=Gemicioglu|first3=Almila|last4=Harpke|first4=Doerte|last5=Nemati|first5=Zahra|date=2019-02-01|title=Saffron (Crocus sativus) is an autotriploid that evolved in Attica (Greece) from wild Crocus cartwrightianus|url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/537688v1|journal=bioRxiv|language=en|pages=537688|doi=10.1101/537688}} 7. ^{{cite journal |last=Mathew |first=B. |title=Crocus sativus and its allies (Iridaceae) |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=128 |issue=1–2 |pages=89–103 |year=1977 |doi=10.1007/BF00985174 |jstor=23642209}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite book|editor1-last=Kafi|editor1-first=M.|editor2-last=Koocheki|editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=Rashed|editor3-first=M. H. |editor4-last=Nassiri|editor4-first=M.|year=2006|title=Saffron (Crocus sativus) Production and Processing|edition=1st|publisher=Science Publishers|isbn=978-1-57808-427-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kO8prjfiiCEC|ref={{Sfnref|Kafi et al.|2006}}}} 9. ^Mollazadeh, Hamid "Razi's Al-Hawi and saffron (Crocus sativus): a review". Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, Dec 2015. 10. ^{{citation |last=Saxena |first=R. |title=Botany, taxonomy and cytology of Crocus sativus series |journal=AYU |volume=31 |issue=3 |year=2010 |page=374 |doi=10.4103/0974-8520.77153 |pmc=3221075 |pmid=22131743}} 11. ^{{cite journal|last1=Rubio-Moraga|first1=A|last2=Castillo-Lopez|first2=R|last3=Gomez-Gomez|first3=L|last4=Ahrazem|first4=O|title=Saffron is a Monomorphic Species as Revealed by RAPD, ISSR and Microsatellite Analyses|journal=BMC Research Notes|date=23 September 2009|volume=2|issue=189|doi=10.1186/1756-0500-2-189|pmid=19772674|pmc=2758891}} 12. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Harpke|first1=Dörte|last2=Meng|first2=Shuchun|last3=Rutten|first3=Twan|last4=Kerndorff|first4=Helmut|last5=Blattner|first5=Frank R.|title=Phylogeny of Crocus (Iridaceae) based on one chloroplast and two nuclear loci: Ancient hybridization and chromosome number evolution|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|year=2013|volume=66|issue=3|pages=617–627|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2012.10.007|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232812358}} 13. ^{{cite journal|last=Grilli Caiola|first=M.|year=2003|title=Saffron Reproductive Biology|periodical=Acta Horticulturae|publisher=ISHS|volume=650|pages=25–37|doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2004.650.1}} 14. ^{{cite web|title=Growing and Harvesting Saffron Crocus|url=https://www.whiteflowerfarm.com/how-to-harvest-saffron-crocus|website=White Flower Farm}} 15. ^1 {{cite web|title=Saffron Farming Information Guide|url=http://www.agrifarming.in/saffron-farming/|website=AgriFarming}} 16. ^{{cite book|last1=Hill|first1=T|title=The Contemporary Encyclopedia of Herbs and Spices: Seasonings for the Global Kitchen|year=2004|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-471-21423-6|page=273|edition=1st}} 17. ^https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/4190/Colchicum-autumnale/Details External links
4 : Plants described in 1753|Crocus|Saffron|Medicinal plants |
||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。