1. Early life

2. Career
    Pop sessions  Soundtracks, tutoring and later work 

3. Style and equipment

4. Legacy

5. Personal life

6. Selected discography
    Archival recordings  Documentary 

7. References

8. External links

Kaye began playing guitar in her early teens and after some time as a guitar teacher, began to perform regularly on the Los Angeles jazz and big band circuit. She started session work in 1957, and through a connection at Gold Star Studios began working for producers Phil Spector and Brian Wilson. After a bassist failed to turn up to a session in 1963, she switched to that instrument, quickly making a name for herself as one of the most in-demand session players of the 1960s, playing on numerous hits. She moved into playing on film soundtracks in the late 1960s, particularly for Quincy Jones and Lalo Schifrin, and began to release a series of tutoring books such as How To Play The Electric Bass. Kaye became less active towards the end of the 1970s, but has continued her career and attracted praise from other musicians.

During the peak of her years of session work, she became part of a stable of Los Angeles-based musicians which went by a variety of informal names, but has since become known as "The Wrecking Crew". Her work with the group led to her prominent role in the eponymous 2008 documentary film.

Early life

Kaye was born in Everett, Washington, to professional musicians Clyde and Dot Smith.^[4] Her father was a jazz trombonist who played in big bands. In 1942, he sold a piano in order to finance a move to Wilmington, California.^[1][2] She later said her father was violent towards her, and she persuaded her mother to separate from him, but music was the one thing that could unite the family.^[1]

Her mother bought her a steel string guitar aged thirteen,^[1] and in 1949, at the age of fourteen began teaching guitar professionally.^[4] She began playing sessions in jazz clubs around Los Angeles.^[1] During the 1950s, Kaye played bebop jazz guitar with several groups on the Los Angeles club circuit, including Bob Neal's group, Jack Sheldon backing Lenny Bruce, Teddy Edwards and Billy Higgins.^[4] She played with the Henry Busse Orchestra in the mid-1950s, and toured the US with them.{{sfn|Hartman|2012|p=38}}

Career

Pop sessions

In 1957, Kaye was playing a gig at the Beverly Cavern, Hollywood, when producer Robert "Bumps" Blackwell invited her to a recording session for Sam Cooke's arrangement of "Summertime". She realised she could make significantly more money with session work than playing in jazz clubs, so took it up as a full-time career.^[1] In 1958, she played acoustic rhythm guitar on Ritchie Valens' "La Bamba", recorded at Gold Star Studios, Hollywood.^[2] Through Gold Star, she began to work with producer Phil Spector, playing electric guitar on Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans' "Zip-a-Dee-Doo-Dah" and The Crystals' "Then He Kissed Me", and acoustic guitar on The Righteous Brothers' "You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'".^[2] Along with several other musicians including drummer Hal Blaine and guitarist Glen Campbell, her work with Spector attracted the attention of other record producers and she found herself in demand as a regular session player.{{sfn|Hartman|2012|p=54}}

In 1963, when a bass player failed to show for a session at Capitol Records in Hollywood, she was asked to fill in on the instrument.^[5] She quickly discovered she preferred playing bass, and found it was a key component of a backing track and allowed her to play more inventively than the relatively simpler guitar parts she had been playing until then.^[2] From a pragmatic viewpoint, it was easier to carry a single bass to sessions instead of swapping between three or four guitars depending on the song.{{sfn|Hartman|2012|p=143}} After bassist Ray Pohlman left studio work to become a musical director, Kaye became the most in-demand session bassist in Los Angeles.{{sfn|Hartman|2012|p=144}}

Kaye continued to play guitar on numerous other hit songs in the 1960s and 1970s, including the twelve-string electric guitar on several Sonny & Cher songs.^[6] She also played twelve-string on Frank Zappa's album Freak Out!.^[2] At the time, it was unusual for women to be experienced session players; nevertheless Kaye remembered sessions being generally good-humoured and united by the music.^[2]

Kaye was the sole regular female member of The Wrecking Crew (though she has said the group were never known by this name, which was later invented by Blaine), a group of studio musicians who played on a large number of hit records from Los Angeles in the 1960s.^[1]{{sfn|Hartman|2012|p=5}} Throughout the decade, while at the time unknown to the public, Kaye played bass on a substantial number of records that appeared on the Billboard Hot 100. According to the New York Times, she played on 10,000 recording sessions.^[7] She appeared on sessions by Frank Sinatra, Simon and Garfunkel, Stevie Wonder, Barbra Streisand, The Supremes, The Temptations, the Four Tops and The Monkees.^[8] She played electric bass on Nancy Sinatra's "These Boots Are Made For Walkin'", while Chuck Berghofer played double bass.^[23] She also came up with the introduction on fellow session player Glen Campbell's hit "Wichita Lineman".{{sfn|Hartman|2012|p=196}} Kaye later said that during the 1960s she would sometimes play three or four sessions per day, and was pleased that so many of them created hit records.^[9]

Through her work with Spector, Kaye caught the attention of The Beach Boys' Brian Wilson, who used her on several sessions, including the albums Beach Boys Today, Summer Days (and Summer Nights!!), Pet Sounds and Smile.^[2] Unlike other sessions, where she was free to work out her own bass lines, Wilson always came in with a very specific idea of what she should play.^[2] By Pet Sounds, Wilson was asking musicians such as Kaye to play far more takes than typical sessions, often running over ten passes of a song, with sessions stretching well into the night.{{sfn|Hartman|2012|pp=145,154}} Kaye is often credited for playing on the Beach Boys' "Good Vibrations" single,^[10] but a session list compiled by Craig Slowinski for The Smile Sessions box-set liner notes states that, although she played on several sessions for the song, none of those recordings made the final edit as released on the single.^[11] Brian Wilson remembers Kaye as one of the session players hired for the many sessions devoted to the song: "The bass part was important to the overall sound. I wanted Carol Kaye to play not so much a Motown thing, but a Beach Boys-Phil Spector riff".^[12]

Soundtracks, tutoring and later work

By 1969, Kaye had become exhausted and disillusioned from session work, saying that music had "started to sound like cardboard". Additionally, newer rock bands disapproved of using session players, preferring to play the instruments themselves. She decided to change career from pop to soundtrack work, as well as writing and teaching. She wrote How To Play The Electric Bass, the first in a series of tutoring books and instructional video courses.^[1] Her soundtrack sessions from this time included playing on the themes to M.A.S.H. and Shaft.^[1] Kaye worked closely with Lalo Schifrin, playing on the theme to Impossible and the soundtrack for Bullitt.^[2] She regularly collaborated with Quincy Jones and later said he "wrote some of the most beautiful themes I've ever heard in my life".^[2]

In the early 1970s, she toured with Joe Pass and Hampton Hawes, and continued to do sessions.^[2] In 1973, she played on Barbara Streisand's single "The Way We Were", which was cut live, and was told off by producer Marvin Hamlisch for improvising bass lines.^[9] In 1976, she was involved in a car accident, and semi-retired from music. She continued to play sporadically, appearing on J.J. Cale's 1981 album Shades.^[2]

In 1994, Kaye underwent corrective surgery to fix injuries stemming from the accident, and resumed playing and recording.^[2] She collaborated with Fender to produce a lighter version of the Precision Bass that reduced strain on her back and made it more comfortable to play.{{sfn|Steward|Garratt|1984|p=115}} In 1997, she collaborated with Brian Wilson again, playing on his daughters' album, The Wilsons, while in 2006, Frank Black asked her to play on his album Fast Man Raider Man alongside fellow session stalwart, drummer Jim Keltner.^[2] She was featured in the 2008 film The Wrecking Crew along with a cast of other studio musicians. In one interview segment, she said that she believed at the peak of her session activity she was making more money than the US President.^[13]

Style and equipment

Kaye's main instrument during the 1960s was the Fender Precision Bass, though she also used the Danelectro bass on occasion. During the 1970s, she sometimes used the Gibson Ripper Bass, and in the 21st century she has used an Ibanez SRX700 bass.^[4][2] She uses flatwound strings with a high action and preferred to use guitar amps in the studio when playing bass, including the Fender Super Reverb and the Versatone Pan-O-Flex.^[2] Kaye primarily uses a pick, or plectrum, on both guitar and bass, rather than plucking the strings with her fingers.{{sfn|Steward|Garratt|1984|p=115}} She put a piece of felt between the strings behind the bridge on her bass to enhance the sound and reduce unwanted overtones and undertones. Later she said, "for 25 cents, you could get the best sound in town".^[2]

Kaye preferred to play melodic and syncopated lines on the bass, rather than simply covering a straightforward part. In the studio, she particularly liked to use the upper register on her bass, while a stand-up double bass would be used to cover the low end.^[2]

Legacy

Kaye has achieved critical acclaim as one of the best session bassists of all time. Michael Molenda, writing in Bass Player magazine, said that Kaye could listen to other musicians and instantly work out a memorable bass line that would fit with the song, such as her additions to Sonny & Cher's "The Beat Goes On". Paul McCartney has said that his bass playing on The Beatles' Sgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band was inspired by her work on Pet Sounds.^[1] Alison Richtor, writing in Bass Guitar magazine, has called Kaye the "First Lady" of bass playing, adding "her style and influence are in your musical DNA."^[14]

Kaye's solo bass line in Spector's production of "River Deep, Mountain High", was a key part to the song's "Wall of Sound" production. The recording is now in the Grammy Hall of Fame.^[15] Quincy Jones said in his 2001 autobiography Q that "... women like... Fender bass player Carol Kaye... could do anything and leave men in the dust."^[16] Brian Wilson has said that Kaye's playing on the "Good Vibrations" sessions was a key part of the arrangement he wanted. "Carol played bass with a pick that clicked real good. It worked out really well. It gave it a hard sound."^[12] Dr. John has said that Kaye "is a sweetheart and a kick-ass guitar player as well as a kick-ass bass player".^[4]

Despite being admired as one of the studio greats, Kaye never expected to be well-remembered. At the time of the sessions, most of the players thought pop music would not last longer than ten years, and she is surprised that people still listen to tracks that she played on.^[1]

Personal life

Kaye was raised a Baptist, but converted to Judaism in 1961.{{sfn|Hartman|2012|p=143}} She has been married three times and has two children.{{sfn|Hartman|2012|pp=38,143}}^[17]

Selected discography

Kaye played on hundreds of commercially released recordings and soundtracks. This list represents only a small fraction of her recorded performances.^[18][19]

• Donna and La Bamba – Ritchie Valens (1958)^[20]
• Deuces, "T's," Roadsters & Drums – Hal Blaine (1963)
• Then He Kissed Me – The Crystals (1964)
• You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin' – The Righteous Brothers (1964)
• These Boots Are Made for Walkin' – Nancy Sinatra (1965)
• The Very Special World of Lee Hazlewood – Lee Hazlewood (1966)
• Batman Theme – The Marketts (1966)
• River Deep, Mountain High – Ike & Tina Turner (1966)
• Pet Sounds – The Beach Boys (1966)
• Freak Out! – The Mothers of Invention (1966)
• Last Train To Clarksville – The Monkees (1966)
• The Beat Goes On – Sonny & Cher (1967)
• [The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy)]] – Harpers Bizarre (1967)
• Wichita Lineman – Glenn Campbell (1968)
• The Soul Brotherhood – Charles Kynard (1969)
• Nancy – Nancy Sinatra (1969)
• I Don't Know What's On Your Mind – Spiders Webb (1976)
• Shades – J. J. Cale (1981)
• The Wilsons – The Wilsons (1996)
• Fast Man Raider Man – Frank Black (2006)

Archival recordings

• California Creamin – Carol Kaye Guitars (1965) CD
• Better Days (1971) CD

Documentary

• The Wrecking Crew, 2008

References

• {{cite book|last=Hartman|first=Keith|title=The Wrecking Crew: The Inside Story of Rock and Roll's Best-Kept Secret|publisher=Macmillan|year=2012|isbn=978-1-429-94137-2|ref=harv}}
• {{cite book|title=Signed, Sealed, and Delivered: True Life Stories of Women in Pop|first=Sue|last=Steward|first2=Sheryl|last2=Garratt|publisher=South End Press|year=1984|isbn=978-0-896-08240-3|ref=harv}}

External links

• Official Carol Kaye website, including pictures and online forums
• Carol Kaye on Central FM, Spain (snippet), Kaye talks about her Motown experiences with Tony Keys on Central FM Radio in Spain
• [https://www.namm.org/library/oral-history/carol-kaye NAMM Oral History Interview] February 2, 2002

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