| 词条 | Carrie Buck |
| 释义 |
| name = Carrie Buck |image= | image_size = | alt = | caption = Buck was a patient who was compulsorily sterilized. | birth_name = Carrie Elizabeth Buck | birth_date = {{birth date|1906|07|03|mf=yes}} | birth_place = Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1983|01|28|1906|07|03}} | death_place = Waynesboro, Virginia, U.S. | death_cause = | resting_place = Oakwood Cemetery, Charlottesville, Virginia | monuments = | residence = | nationality = American | other_names = | ethnicity = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | years_active = | known_for = | spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|William Eagle|May 14, 1932|1965}} (his death) |{{marriage|Charles Albert "Charlie" Detamore |April 25, 1965|January 28, 1983}} (her death) }} | partner = | children = Vivian Buck (1924–1932) | parents = | relatives = | awards = | signature = | signature_alt = | signature_size = | website = }}Carrie Elizabeth Buck (July 3, 1906 – January 28, 1983)[1] was the plaintiff in the United States Supreme Court case Buck v. Bell, after having been ordered to undergo compulsory sterilization for purportedly being "feeble-minded." The surgery, carried out while Buck was an inmate of the Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded, took place under the authority of the Racial Integrity Act of 1924, part of the Commonwealth of Virginia's eugenics program.[2] Early lifeCarrie Buck was born in Charlottesville, Virginia, the first of three children born to Emma Buck; she was soon joined by a half-sister, Doris Buck, and a half-brother, Roy Smith.[3] Little is known about Emma Buck other than that she was poor and married to Frederick Buck, who shortly into their marriage abandoned her. Emma was committed to the Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded after being accused of immorality, prostitution, and having syphilis. After her birth, Carrie Buck was placed with foster parents, John and Alice Dobbs. She attended public school and was noted to be an average student.[4] Buck stopped attending school in the sixth grade when the Dobbs removed her in order to have her help with housework.[4][6] At 17, Buck became pregnant as a result of being raped.[2] Subsequently, on January 23, 1924, Buck’s foster parents had committed her to the Virginia Colony for Epileptics and Feeble-Minded on the grounds of feeblemindedness, incorrigible behavior and promiscuity. On March 28, 1924, she gave birth to a daughter, Vivian.[3] Since Buck had been declared mentally incompetent to raise her child, her former foster parents adopted the baby. Her commitment may have been due to the family's embarrassment because Carrie's pregnancy was the result of being raped by the Dobbs’s nephew.[6] Her daughter Vivian was adopted by the Dobbs family under the name "Vivian Alice Elaine Dobbs" and attended the Venable Public Elementary School of Charlottesville for four terms, from September 1930 until May 1932. Stephen Jay Gould wrote:
By all accounts Vivian was of average intelligence, far above feeblemindedness. She died a month later at age eight of enteric colitis, an intestinal disease.[4] Supreme Court case{{main article|Buck v. Bell}}The legal challenge was consciously collusive, brought on behalf of the state to test the legality of the statute.[5] John H. Bell, the surgeon who operated on Buck on October 19, 1927, wrote in his surgical report:
In an eight to one decision, the U.S. Supreme Court found that the Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924 did not violate the U.S. Constitution. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes made clear that the challenge was not upon the medical procedure involved, but on the process of the substantive law. The court was satisfied that the Virginia Sterilization Act complied with the requirements of due process since sterilization could not occur until a proper hearing had occurred at which the patient and a guardian could be present and the patient had the right to appeal the decision. They also found that since the procedure was limited to people housed in state institutions it did not deny the patient equal protection of the law. And finally, since the Virginia Sterilization Act was not a penal statute, the Court held that it did not violate the Eighth Amendment since it is not intended to be punitive. Citing the best interests of the state, Justice Holmes affirmed the value of a law like Virginia's in order to prevent the nation from being "swamped with incompetence." The Court accepted, without evidence, that Carrie and her mother were promiscuous and that the three generations of Bucks shared the genetic trait of feeblemindedness. Thus, it was in the state's best interest to have Carrie Buck sterilized.[7] The decision was seen as a major victory for eugenicists.[5] Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. wrote in 1927:
Noted Virginia eugenicist Joseph DeJarnette testified against Buck in the original trial.[8] Later years and deathIn order to ensure that the family could not reproduce, Carrie Buck’s sister Doris was also sterilized when she was hospitalized for appendicitis, although she was never told that sterilization had been performed; in later years she married and she and her husband attempted to have children. She did not discover the reason for their lack of success until 1980.[4] Buck was paroled shortly after her sterilization was performed. On May 14, 1932, Buck married William D. Eagle, a sixty-five year old widower with six children from his first marriage;[9] he died in 1941. In 1965, she married sixty-one year old orchard worker Charlie Detamore to whom she remained married until her death.[3] Reporters and researchers that visited Buck later in life claimed she was a woman of normal intelligence. Later in life, she expressed regret that she had been unable to have additional children. Buck died in a nursing home in 1983;[3] she was buried in Charlottesville near her only child, Vivian, who had died at age eight.[4] LegacyPaul A. Lombardo, a Professor of Law at Georgia State University, spent almost 25 years researching the Buck v. Bell case. He dug through case records and the papers of the lawyers involved in the case. Lombardo eventually found Carrie Buck and was able to interview her shortly before her death. Lombardo has alleged that several people had manufactured evidence to make the state’s case against Carrie Buck, and that Buck was actually of normal intelligence. Professor Lombardo was one of the few people who attended Carrie Buck's funeral.[4]A historical marker was erected on May 2, 2002, in Charlottesville, Virginia, where Carrie Buck was born.[10] At that time, Virginia Governor Mark R. Warner offered the "Commonwealth's sincere apology for Virginia's participation in eugenics."[11] In mediaTelevisionThe story of Carrie Buck's sterilization and subsequent court case was made into a television drama in 1994, Against Her Will: The Carrie Buck Story with actress Marlee Matlin portraying Buck as an intellectually disabled woman. Buck's case was covered in the October 2018 American Experience documentary "The Eugenics Crusade". MusicThe song "Virginia State Epileptic Colony", by the Manic Street Preachers on the 2009 album Journal for Plague Lovers, addresses the state's program of eugenics. FilmA feature film has been announced, titled Unfit and starring actress Dakota Johnson.[12] BooksCarrie Buck's story is explored in Adam Cohen's book Imbeciles.[13] Further reading{{external media| float = right| video1 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?405281-1/adam-cohen-imbeciles Presentation by Adam Cohen on Imbeciles, March 8, 2016], C-SPAN| video2 = [https://www.c-span.org/video/?409990-7/amy-goodman-discusses-imbeciles Interview with Cohen on Imbeciles, June 11, 2016], C-SPAN}}
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=David J.|title=Carrie Elizabeth Buck (1906–1983)|url=http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/Buck_Carrie_Elizabeth_1906-1983|publisher=Encyclopedia Virginia/Dictionary of Virginia Biography|accessdate=9 March 2015}} 2. ^See The Lynchburg Project Directed by Steven Trombley, Video Cassette 1993 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/buck_v_bell_1927#start_entry|title=Buck v. Bell (1927)|last=Dorr|first=Gregory Michael|accessdate=23 October 2012}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite journal|last1=Gould|first1=Stephen Jay|authorlink1=Stephen Jay Gould|title=Carrie Buck's Daughter|journal=Natural History|date=July 1984|url=http://faculty.uca.edu/benw/biol4415/papers/carriebuck.pdf|accessdate=10 June 2014}} 5. ^1 {{cite book | title = Better for All the World: The Secret History of Forced Sterilization and America's Quest for Racial Purity | last = Bruinius | first = Harry | publisher = Vintage Books | place = New York | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-375-71305-7}} 6. ^From the microfilmed records of Carrie Buck, kept at the Central Virginia Training Center. Cited in {{cite book | title = Better for All the World: The Secret History of Forced Sterilization and America's Quest for Racial Purity | last = Bruinius | first = Harry | publisher = Vintage Books | place = New York | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-375-71305-7}} 7. ^1 2 274 U.S. 200 (Buck v. Bell), Justia.com U.S. Supreme Court Center. 8. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.hsl.virginia.edu/historical/eugenics/4-influence.cfm | title = Eugenics: Eugenics in Virginia | publisher = Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia | accessdate = 26 March 2013}} 9. ^1 {{cite book|last=Cohen |first=Adam | title=Imbeciles: The Supreme Court, American Eugenics, and the Sterilization of Carrie Buck|place=New York, New York |publisher=Penguin Press|year= 2016|isbn=978-1594204180}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=10128|title=Buck v. Bell Historical Marker|publisher=|accessdate=21 March 2017}} 11. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.hsl.virginia.edu/historical/eugenics/5-epilogue.cfm | title = Eugenics: Carrie Buck Revisited | publisher = Claude Moore Health Sciences Library, University of Virginia | accessdate = 26 March 2013}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.avclub.com/article/dakota-johnson-tell-fucked-true-story-government-s-251674|title=Dakota Johnson to tell the fucked-up true story of the government sterilizing "unfit" women|date=7 March 2017|publisher=|accessdate=21 March 2017}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/03/24/521360544/the-supreme-court-ruling-that-led-to-70-000-forced-sterilizations|title=The Supreme Court Ruling That Led To 70,000 Forced Sterilizations|accessdate=25 March 2017}} External links
5 : 1903 births|1983 deaths|People from Charlottesville, Virginia|People with intellectual impairment|Eugenics in the United States |
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