| 词条 | Casa Milà | |||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Casa Milà | native_name = La Pedrera | native_name_lang = Spanish | former_names = | alternate_names = | status = | image = File:Casa Milà, general view.jpg | image_alt = | image_size = | caption = Casa Milà | location = | address = 92, Passeig de Gràcia | location_town = Barcelona, Catalonia | location_country = Spain | coordinates = | groundbreaking_date = | start_date = | completion_date = | landlord = | owner = | cost = | map_type = | map_alt = | map_caption = | relief = | altitude = | building_type = | architectural_style = | structural_system = | ren_cost = | client = | current_tenants = | material = }} Casa Milà ({{IPA-ca|ˈkazə miˈla}}, {{IPA-es|ˈkasa miˈla}}), popularly known as La Pedrera ({{IPA-ca|ɫə pəˈðɾeɾə|pron}}) or "The stone quarry", a reference to its unconventional rough-hewn appearance, is a modernist building in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. It was the last private residence designed by architect Antoni Gaudí and was built between 1906 and 1912. The building was commissioned in 1906 by {{illm|Pere Milà|ca|Pere Milà i Camps|es|Pere Milà i Camps}} and his wife {{illm|Roser Segimon|ca|Roser Segimon i Artells|es|Roser Segimon i Artells}}. At the time, it was controversial because of its undulating stone facade, twisting wrought iron balconies and designed by Josep Maria Jujol. Several structural innovations include a self-supporting stone façade, and a free-plan floor, underground garage and the spectacular terrace on the roof. In 1984, it was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. From 2013 is the headquarters of the {{illm|Fundació Catalunya La Pedrera|ca||es|||WD=}} which manages the visit to the building,[1] exhibitions and other cultural and educative activities at Casa Milà. Building historyBuilding owners{{multiple image| header = The owners of Casa Milà in 1910 | width = 150 | image1 = PereMilaCamps.jpg | alt1 = Portrait of Pere Milà. | image2 = RoserSegimon.jpg | alt2 = Roser Segimon, spouse of Pere Milà. }} Casa Milà was built for Roser Segimón and her husband Pere Milà. Roser Segimon was the wealthy widow of Josep Guardiola, an Indiano or Americano, or former colonist returned from South America, had made his fortune with a coffee plantation in Guatemala. Her second husband, Pere Milà was a developer known for his flamboyant lifestyle.[2] Construction processIn 1905, Milà and Segimón married and on June 9, Roser Segimón bought a house with garden which occupied an area of 1,835 square meters, located on Paseo de Gracia, 92. In September, they commissioned Gaudí for building them a new house with the idea of living in the main floor and renting out the rest of the apartments. On February 2, 1906, the project was presented to the Barcelona City Council and the works began, demolishing the pre-existing building instead of reforming it, as in the case of the Casa Batlló.[3] The building was completed in December 1910 and the owner asked Gaudí to make a certificate to inhabit the main floor, which the City Council authorized in October 1911, and the couple moved in. On October 31, 1912, Gaudí issued the certificate stating that, in accordance with his plans and his direction, the work had been completed and the whole house was ready to be rented.[3] Critics and controversiesThe building did not respect any rules of conventional style, for which Gaudí received much criticism. To begin with, the name "La Pedrera" is in fact a nickname assigned by the citizens who disapproved of its unusualness.[4] The unique structure of the building and the relationship between the building's architect and Pere Milà became the object of ridicule for the people of Barcelona and many humorous publications of the time.[5] Catholic symbolsGaudí, a Catholic and a devotee of the Virgin Mary, planned for the Casa Milà to be a spiritual symbol.[6] Overt religious elements include an excerpt from the Rosary on the cornice and planned statues of Mary, specifically Our Lady of the Rosary, and two archangels, St. Michael and St. Gabriel.[6][7] However, the Casa Milà was not built entirely to Gaudí's specifications. The local government ordered the demolition of elements that exceeded the height standard for the city, and fined the Milàs for many infractions of building codes.[8] After Semana Trágica, an outbreak of anticlericalism in the city, Milà prudently decided to forgo the religious statues.[6] Gaudí contemplated abandoning the project but a priest persuaded him to continue.[7] Change of ownershipIn 1940, Milà died. Segimon sold the property in 1946 for 18 million pesetas to Josep Ballvé i Pellisé, known for his department stores on {{Interlanguage link multi|Ronda de Sant Antoni|ca}}, in partnership with the family of Pío Rubert Laporta. The Compañía Inmobiliaria Provenza, SA (CIPSA) was founded to administer the building.[9] Roser Segimon continued to live on the main floor until her death in 1964.[10] The new owners divided the first floor facing {{Interlanguage link multi|Carrer de Provença|ca}} into five apartments instead of the original two. In 1953, they commissioned {{Interlanguage link multi|Francisco Juan Barba Corsini|es}} to convert 13 rubbish-filled attic laundry rooms to street-facing apartments, leaving a communal hallway on the side facing the courtyards. Some of these two or three room apartments had a loft and were designed and furnished in a typical early 1950s style using brick, ceramic and wood. Items of furniture, such as the {{Interlanguage link multi|Pedrera chair|ca|3=Cadira Pedrera}}, were reminiscent of Eero Saarinen's work.[11] The insurance company Northern took over the main floor in 1966. By then, Casa Milà had housed a bingo hall, an academy and the offices of Cementos Molins and Inoxcrom among others.[9] Maintenance costs were high and the owners had allowed the building to become dilapidated, causing stones to loosen in 1971. Josep Anton Comas made some emergency repairs, especially to the paintings in the courtyards, while respecting the original design.[12] RestorationGaudí's work was designated a historic and artistic monument on July 24, 1969. Casa Milà was in poor condition in the early 1980s. It had been painted a dreary brown and many of its interior color schemes had been abandoned or allowed to deteriorate, but it has been restored since and many of the original colors revived.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} In 1984 the building became part of a World Heritage Site encompassing some of Gaudí's works. The Barcelonan city council tried to rent the main floor as an office for the 1992 Olympic bid. Finally, the day before Christmas 1986, Caixa Catalunya bought La Pedrera for 900 million pesetas.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} On February 19, 1987, urgently needed work began on the restoration and cleaning of the façade. The work was done by the architects Joseph Emilio Hernández-Cross and Rafael Vila.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} The renovated main floor opened in 1990 as part of the Cultural Olympiad of Barcelona. The floor became an exhibition room with an example of modernism in the Eixample.[9] DesignThe building is 1,323 m2 per floor on a plot of 1,620 m2. Gaudí made the first sketches in his workshop in the Sagrada Família. He designed the house as a constant curve, both outside and inside, incorporating ruled geometry and naturalistic elements. Casa Milà consists of two buildings, which are structured around two courtyards that provide light to the nine storeys: basement, ground floor, mezzanine, main (or noble) floor, four upper floors, and an attic. The basement was intended to be the garage, the main floor the residence of the Milàs (a flat of all 1,323 m2), and the rest distributed over 20 apartments. The resulting layout is shaped like an asymmetrical "8" because of the different shapes and sizes of the courtyards. The attic housed the laundry and drying areas, forming an insulating space for the building and simultaneously determining the levels of the roof. One of the most notable elements of the building is the roof, crowned with skylights, staircase exits, fans, and chimneys. All of these elements, constructed out of brick covered with lime, broken marble, or glass have a specific architectural function but are also real sculptures integrated into the building. The apartments feature plastered ceilings with dynamic reliefs, handcrafted wooden doors, windows, and furniture, as well as hydraulic tiles and various ornamental elements. The stairways were intended as service entries, with the main access to the apartments by elevator except for the noble floor, where Gaudí added a prominent interior staircase. Gaudí wanted the people who lived in the flats to all know each other. Therefore, there were only elevators on every other floor, so people on different floors would meet one another. StructureCasa Milà is characterized by its self-supporting stone facade, meaning that it is free of load-bearing walls. The facade connects to the internal structure of each floor by means of curved iron beams surrounding the perimeter of each floor. This construction system allows, on one hand, large openings in the facade which give light to the homes, and on the other, free structuring of the different levels, so that internal walls can be added and demolished without affecting the stability of the building. This allows the owners to change their minds at will and to modify, without problems, the interior layout of the homes.[13] Constructive and decorative itemsFacadeThe facade is composed of large blocks of limestone from the Garraf Massif on the first floor and from the Villefranche quarry for the higher levels. The blocks were cut to follow the plot of the projection of the model, then raised to their location and adjusted to align in a continuous curve to the pieces around them. Viewed from the outside the building has three parts: the main body of the six-storey blocks with winding stone floors, two floors set a block back with a different curve, similar to waves, a smoother texture and whiter color, and with small holes that look like embrasures, and finally the body of the roof.[14] Gaudí's original facade had some of its lower-level ironwork removed. In 1928, the tailor Mosella opened the first store in La Pedrera, and he eliminated the bars. This did not concern anyone, because in the middle of twentieth century, wrought ironwork had little importance. The ironwork was lost until a few years later, when Americans donated one of them to the MoMa, where it is on display. With restoration initiatives launched in 1987, the facade was rejoined to some pieces of stone that had fallen. In order to respect the fidelity of the original, material was obtained from the Villefranche quarry, even though by then it was no longer operating.[9] Hall and courtyardsThe building uses a completely original solution to solve the issue of a lobby being too closed and dark. Its open and airy courtyards provide a place of transit and are directly visible to those accessing the building. There are two patios on the side of the Passeig de Gracia and of the street Provence.
Patios, structurally, are key as supporting loads of interior facades. The floor of the courtyard is supported by pillars of cast iron. In the courtyard, there are traditional elliptical beams and girders but Gaudí applied an ingenious solution of using two concentric cylindrical beams with stretched radial beams, like the spokes of a bicycle. They form a point outside of the beam to two points above and below, making the function of the central girder a keystone and working in tension and compression simultaneously. This supported structure is twelve feet in diameter and is considered "the soul of the building" with a clear resemblance to Gothic crypts. The centerpiece was built in a shipyard by Josep Maria Carandell who copied a steering wheel, interpreting Gaudí's intent as to represent the helm of the ship of life.
Access is protected by a massive iron gate with a design attributed to Jujol. It was originally used by both people and cars, as access to the garage is in the basement, now an auditorium. The two halls are fully polychrome with oil paintings on the plaster surfaces, with eclectic references to mythology and flowers. During construction there was a problem including a basement as a garage for cars, the new invention that was thrilling the bourgeois at the time. The future neighbor Felix Anthony Meadows, owner of Industrial Linera, requested a change because his Rolls Royce could not access it. Gaudí agreed to remove a pillar on the ramp that led into the garage so that Felix, who was establishing sales and factory in Walls of Valles, could go to both places with his car from La Pedrera.[9] For the floors of Casa Milà, Gaudí used a model of floor forms of square timbers with two colors, and the hydraulic pavement hexagonal pieces of blue and sea motifs that had originally been designed for the Batllo house. The wax was designed in gray by John Bertrand under the supervision of Gaudí who "touched up with their own fingers," in the words of the manufacturer Josep Bay.[15] LoftLike in Casa Batlló, Gaudí shows the application of the catenary arch as a support structure for the roof, a form which he had already used shortly after graduating in the wood frameworks of Mataró's cooperative known as "L'Obrera Mataronense." In this case, Gaudí used the Catalan technique of timbrel, imported from Italy in the fourteenth century. The attic, where the laundry rooms were located, was a clear room under a Catalan vault roof supported by 270 parabolic vaults of different heights and spaced by about 80 cm. The roof resembles both the ribs of a huge animal and a palm, giving the roof-deck a very unconventional shape similar to a landscape of hills and valleys. The shape and location of the courtyards makes the arches higher when the space is narrowed and lower when the space expands. The builder Bayó explained its construction: "First the face of a wide wall was filled with mortar and plastered. Then Canaleta indicated the opening of each arch and Bayó put a nail at each starting point of the arch at the top of the wall. From these nails was dangled a chain so that the lowest point coincided with the deflection of the arch. Then the profile displayed on the wall by the chain was drawn and on this profile the carpenter marked and placed the corresponding centering, and the timbrel vault was started with three rows of plane bricks. Gaudí wanted to add a longitudinal axis of bricks connecting all vaults at their keystones". Roof and chimneysThe work of Gaudí on the rooftop of La Pedrera brought his experience at Palau Güell together with solutions that were clearly more innovative – this time creating shapes and volumes with more body, more prominence, and less polychromasia.[17] On the rooftop there are six skylights/staircase exits (four of which were covered with broken pottery and some that ended in a double cross typical of Gaudí), twenty-eight chimneys in several groupings, two half-hidden vents whose function is to renew the air in the building, and four domes that discharged to the facade. The staircases also house the water tanks; some of which are snail-shaped. The stepped roof of La Pedrera, called "the garden of warriors" by the poet Pere Gimferrer because the chimneys appear to be protecting the skylights, has undergone a radical restoration, removing chimneys added in interventions after Gaudí, television antennas, and other elements that degraded the space. The restoration brought back the splendor to the chimneys and the skylights that were covered with fragments of marble and broken Valencia tiles. One of the chimneys was topped with glass pieces – it was said that Gaudí did that the day after the inauguration of the building, taking advantage of the empty bottles from the party. It was restored with the bases of champagne bottles from the early twentieth century. The repair work has enabled the restoration of the original impact of the overhangs made of stone from Ulldecona with fragments of tiles. This whole set is more colorful than the facade, although here the creamy tones are dominant.[18] FurnitureGaudí, as he had done in Casa Batlló, designed furniture specifically for the main floor. This was part of the concept artwork itself integral to modernism in which the architect assumed responsibility for global issues such as the structure and the facade, as well as every detail of the decor, designing furniture and accessories such as lamps, planters, floors or ceilings. This was another point of friction with Segimon, who complained that there was no straight wall to place her Steinway piano.[19] Gaudí's response was blunt: "So play the violin." [12] The result of these disagreements has been the loss of the decorative legacy of Gaudí, as most of the furniture was removed due to climate change and the changes she made to the main floor when Gaudí died. Some remain in private collections, including a curtain made of oak 4 m. long by 1.96 m. high in the Museum of Catalan Modernism; and a chair and desktop of Milà.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}} Gaudí carved oak doors similar to what he had done for the Casa y Bardes, but these were only included on two floors as when Segimon discovered the price, she decided there would be no more at that quality.[15] ArchitectureCasa Milà is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Works of Antoni Gaudí". It was a predecessor of some buildings with a similar biomorphic appearance:
Free exhibitions often are held on the first floor, which also provides some opportunity to see the interior design. There is a charge for entrance to the apartment on the fourth floor and the roof. The other floors are not open to visitors. Constructive similaritiesGaudí's La Pedrera was inspired by a mountain, but there is no agreement as to which mountain was the reference model. Joan Bergós thought it was the rocks of Fray Guerau in Prades mountains. Joan Matamala thought that the model could have been St. Miquel del Fai, while the sculptor Vicente Vilarubias believed it was inspired by the cliffs Torrent Pareis in Menorca. Other options include the mountains of Uçhisar in Cappadocia, suggested by Juan Goytisolo, or Mola Gallifa, suggested by Louis Permanyer, based on the fact that Gaudí visited the area in 1885 to escape an outbreak of cholera in Barcelona.[14] Some people say that the interior layout of La Pedrera comes from studies that Gaudí made of medieval fortresses. This image is reinforced by the seeming appearance of the rooftop chimneys as "sentinels" with great helmets.[18] The structure of the iron door in the lobby does not follow any symmetry, straight or repetitive pattern. Rather, it evokes bubbles of soap that are formed between the hands or the structures of a plant cell.[20] Criticism and controversyThe building's unconventional style made it the subject of much criticism. It was given the nickname "La Pedrera", meaning "the quarry".[9] Casa Milà appeared in many satirical magazines. Joan Junceda presented it as a traditional "Easter cake" by means of cartoons in Patufet. Joaquim Garcia made a joke about the difficulty of setting the damask wrought iron balconies in his magazine.[9] Homeowners in Passeig de Gracia became angry with Milà and ceased to greet him, arguing that the weird building by Gaudí would lower the price of land in the area. Administrative problemsCasa Milà also caused some administrative problems. In December 1907 the City Hall stopped work on the building because of a pillar which occupied part of the sidewalk, not respecting the alignment of facades. Again on August 17, 1908, more problems occurred when the building surpassed the predicted height and borders of its construction site by {{convert|4000|m2|ft2}}. The Council called for a fine of 100,000 pesetas (approximately 25% of the cost of work) or for the demolition of the attic and roof. The dispute was resolved a year and a half later, December 28, 1909, when the Commission certified that it was a monumental building and thus not required to have a 'strict compliance' with the bylaws.[10] {{Anchor|Contests}}Design competitionsThe owner entered La Pedrera in the annual {{illm|Barcelona Artistic Buildings Competition|ca|Concurs anual d'edificis artístics|es|Concurso anual de edificios artísticos (Barcelona)}} sponsored by the Barcelona City Council (Ayuntament). Other entries in the competition included two works by Sagnier (Calle Mallorca 264, and one on Corsica and Av. Diagonal), the {{ill|Casa Gustà|ca}} by architect {{illm|Jaume Gustà|ca|Jaume Gustà i Bondia|es|Jaume Gustà}}, and the {{ill|Casa Pérez Samanillo|ca}}, designed by {{illm|Joan Josep Hervàs|ca|Joan Josep Hervás i Arizmendi|es|Joan Josep Hervàs}}. Although the most dramatic and clear favorite was Casa Milà,{{According to whom|date=February 2017}} the jury opined that even though the facades were complete, "there's still a lot left to do before it's fully completed, finalized and in a perfect state of appreciation."{{Verify quote|type=translation|date=February 2017}}[21] The winner in 1910 was Samanillo Perez, for his building which now houses the headquarters of the [https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152135/http://guiadenoticias.net/2017/04/21/gustavo-mirabal-le-da-valor-a-la-hipica-espanola/] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170807152135/http://guiadenoticias.net/2017/04/21/gustavo-mirabal-le-da-valor-a-la-hipica-espanola/ Circulo Ecuestre]. Design disagreementsGaudí's relations with Segimon deteriorated during the construction and decoration of the house. There were many disagreements between them, one example was the monumental bronze virgin del Rosario, which Gaudí wanted as the statue on the front of the building in homage to the name of the owner, that the artist Carles Mani i Roig was to sculpt. The statue was not made although the words "Ave gratia M plena Dominus tecum" were written at the top of the facade. Continuing disagreements led Gaudí to take Milà to court over his fees. The lawsuit was won by Gaudí in 1916, and he gave the 105,000 pesetas he won in the case to charity, stating that "the principles mattered more than money." Milà was having to pay the mortgage.[9] After Gaudí's death in 1926, Segimon got rid of most of the furniture that Gaudí had designed and covered over parts of Gaudí's designs with new decorations in the style of Louis XVI. La Pedrera was acquired in 1986 by {{ill|Caixa Catalunya|ca||es}} and when restoration was done four years later, some of the original decorations re-emerged.[14] When the Civil War broke out in July 1936, the Milàs were on vacation. Part of the building was collectivized by the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia; the Milàs fled the area with some artwork.[9] In media and literature
GallerySee also
References1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.lapedrera.com/en/home|title=La Pedrera|last=|first=|date=|website=La pedrera|access-date=2017-10-14}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rutadelmodernisme.com/default.aspx?idioma=en&contenido=body_rutamodernisme_04en.htm |title=Ruta del Modernisme |trans-title=Route of Modernism |website=rutadelmodernisme.com |publisher=Institut Municipal del Paisatge Urbà i la Qualitat de Vida (IMPUiQV), Ajuntament de Barcelona |date=2011-10-23 |accessdate=2011-11-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031184601/http://www.rutadelmodernisme.com/default.aspx?idioma=en&contenido=body_rutamodernisme_04en.htm |archivedate=2006-10-31}} 3. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://pedreraeducacio.lapedrera.com/eng/index.htm|title=Cronology of La Pedrera (A place of memory)|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}} 4. ^{{Cite book|title=La Pedrera. Architecture and History|last=Huertas Claveria|first=Josep Maria|publisher=Caixa Catalunya|year=1999|isbn=|location=Spain|pages=}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://pedrerainedita.lapedrera.com/en/aportacions/satire|title=Satire (La Pedrera's untold stories)|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite book| author = Stephen Sennott| title = Encyclopedia of 20th-century architecture: A-F| url = https://books.google.com/?id=opvy1zGI2EcC&pg=PA224| year = 2004| publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn| isbn = 978-1-57958-433-7| page = 224 }} 7. ^1 La Pedrera (Casa Milà, 1906-1910) Gaudiclub.com 8. ^Gaudí: A Biography; Gijs van Hensbergen; Harper Collins; page 214-216 9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Huertas Claveria,... 10. ^1 Cronologia de l'edifici a La Pedrera Educació{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 11. ^Barba Corsini, F.J. Apartamentos en el desván de la Pedrera. Cuadernos de Arquitectura Núm. 22. Any: 1955 12. ^1 Hernàndez-Cros, Josep Emili (ed.). Catàleg del Patrimoni Arquitectònic Històrico-Artístic de la Ciutat de Barcelòna, Barcelona, Ajuntament de Barcelona, 1987 13. ^Descripció casa Milà a «any Gaudí» a l'Ajuntament de Barcelona 14. ^1 2 Permanyer, 1996....pàg. 150-166 15. ^1 Bassegoda, 2003....pàg. 20 16. ^{{cite book| author = Fodor's| title = Fodor's Barcelona, 2nd Edition| url = https://books.google.com/?id=GEvmlfNtqFoC&pg=PA85| date = 2008-03-04| publisher = Fodor's Travel Publications| isbn = | page = 85 }} 17. ^https://www.permanyer.com/345438/{{Dead link|date=December 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 18. ^1 Ruta del Modernisme. Ajuntament de Barcelona 19. ^{{cite book | title=La Pedrera: arquitectura i història | publisher=Caixa de Catalunya | author=Flores, Carlos | year=1999 | pages=187–224 | isbn=978-84-87135-35-4}} 20. ^CIRICI A. Barcelona pam a pam. Barcelona 1971 (7th ed. 1985) Ed. Teide {{ISBN|84-307-8187-0}} 21. ^{{Cite book |language=Spanish |title=Anuari de l'Asociación de arquitectos de Cataluña |trans-title=Annual of the Catalan Architects Association |url=http://www2.coac.net/biblioteca/anuario/Anuario1912.pdf |publisher= |year=1912 |page=28 |quote=Esta decoración policroma, á la cual se dá extraordinaria importancia en el interior del edificio, se está ejectuando actualmente; y por la parte que se ha puesto de manifiesto al Jurado, es preciso reconocer que falta muchísimo para quedar completamente ultimada y en estado de perfecta apreciación, razon por la cual puede afirmarse, con toda seguridad, que no puede considerarse dicho edificio hoy completamente terminado, segûn lo taxativamente prevenido en la base 2.ª del Programa de Concurso, ni mucho menos podía estarlo en la fecha señalada de 1910.}}
External links{{commons|Casa Milà|Casa Milà}}
11 : Visionary environments|Buildings and structures in Barcelona|Passeig de Gràcia|World Heritage Sites in Catalonia|Antoni Gaudí buildings|Tourist attractions in Barcelona|Apartment buildings in Spain|Residential buildings completed in 1910|Eixample|Modernisme architecture in Barcelona|Art Nouveau apartment buildings |
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