| 词条 | Dunmore Cave |
| 释义 |
|other_name = Dearc Fearna | photo_caption = Cave entrance | location = Castlecomer Road, County Kilkenny | depth = {{convert|150|ft|m}} | length = {{convert|1030|ft|m|disp=flip|abbr=on}}[1] | survey = | discovery = | geology = Carboniferous Limestone | entrance_count = 1 | difficulty = | hazards = | access = Show cave access only | translation = | language = }}Dunmore Cave ({{etymology|ga|Dún Mór|great fort}}) is a limestone solutional cave in Ballyfoyle, County Kilkenny, Ireland. It is formed in Lower Carboniferous (Viséan) limestone of the Clogrenan Formation.[2] It is a show cave open to the public, particularly well known for its rich archaeological discoveries and for being the site of a Viking massacre in 928.[3] Show caveThe caves are located to the east of and close to the N78 Kilkenny–Castlecomer road and about {{convert|11|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of Kilkenny City.[4] The entrance is in the townland of Mohill,[1] where a tourist centre has been established at the site. Overlooking the River Dinan valley, it is found in an isolated outcrop of limestone on the Castlecomer Plateau.[1] Dunmore is not one of the largest of Ireland's caves. It contains just a quarter of a mile of passages and at its deepest point, it descends to {{convert|150|ft|m|abbr=on}}, but it possesses some fine calcite formations. The most spectacular is the Market Cross, a distinctly cross-shaped column over {{convert|19|ft|m|abbr=on}} high. DevelopmentDunmore Cave was designated a National Monument by the Commissioners of Public Works in 1944,[1][5] but development as a show cave with visitor centre and tours didn't begin until 1967, at the behest of respected archaeologist and spelaeologist J. C. Coleman. The cave was closed in 2000 for archaeological work and redevelopment, and reopened in 2003.[6] HistoryThe earliest historical reference to the cave is to be found in the Triads of Ireland, dating from the 14th to the 19th century, where "{{lang|ga|Úam Chnogba}}, {{lang|ga|Úam Slángae}} and {{lang|ga|Dearc Fearna}}" are listed under the heading, "the three darkest places in Ireland".[7] The last, meaning the "Cave of the Alders," is generally thought to be the present Dunmore Cave,[1] while the first two translate as the caves of Knowth and Slaney.[8] It is not known which exact system of caves/passage tombs near the river Slaney is being referred to, with the most likely, those at Baltinglass. Other sources translate the listed locations as Rath Croghan, the cave or crypt of Slane[9] and the "Cave of the Ferns".[8] In the Annals of the Four Masters, dated to the 17th century, {{lang|ga|Dearc Fearna}} was recorded as the site of a great Viking massacre in 928 AD: "Godfrey Uí Ímair, with the foreigners of Ath Cliath, demolished and plundered Dearc Fearna, where one thousand persons were killed in this year as is stated in the quatrain: While the human remains found in the cave are thought to be victims of the Viking massacre, this has not been reliably confirmed. Many of the remains belong to women and children, and it is hypothesised that they are the bodies of people hiding in the cave who were unable to leave when the Vikings tried to smoke them out, dying from asphyxiation.[10] Archaeological studyThe earliest writings on the cave of an archaeological nature came from the bishop George Berkeley,[11][12] whose report dated 1706 detailed a visit that he made to the cave as a boy. The essay was not published until 1871.[12] In 1869 Arthur Wynne Foot, a physician, made an archaeological visit to the cave with Rev. James Graves and Peter Burtchaell and discovered large quantities of human remains, which they collected.[9] In his reports, Foot meticulously documented his findings, and culled references from the writings of researchers over the preceding 120 years.[9] In 1999, a hoard of 43 silver and bronze items was discovered in a rocky cleft deep in the cave. Archaeologists dated this hoard, consisting of silver, ingots and conical buttons woven from fine silver, to 970 AD.[13] References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book| last=Coleman| first=J. C.| authorlink=J. C. Coleman| title=The Caves of Ireland| publisher=Anvil Press| location=Tralee, Co. Kerry| year=1965| pages=14–16}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=Dunmore Cave|url=http://www.gsi.ie/NR/rdonlyres/9DC24562-1BBA-467E-A93B-CE305AE7FFF1/0/Kilkenny_section2_part1.pdf|work=Kilkenny - County Geological Site Report|publisher=Geological Survey of Ireland|accessdate=13 March 2014}} 3. ^1 {{cite book| editor=O'Donovan, John| editor-link=John O'Donovan (scholar)| chapter=The earliest period to the year 1616| title=Annals of the Four Masters| volume=II| edition=2nd| location=Dublin| year=1856| pages=624–625| chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/annalsofkingdomo02ocleuoft#page/622| accessdate=2010-11-06}} 4. ^{{cite web| title=Heritage Ireland:Dunmore Cave| url=http://www.heritageireland.ie/en/South-East/DunmoreCave/| accessdate=2010-10-09| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031083846/http://www.heritageireland.ie/en/South-East/DunmoreCave/| archivedate=2010-10-31| df=}} 5. ^{{cite journal| title=Dunmore Cave, Co. Kilkenny| last1=Dunnington| first1=N. J.| last2=Coleman| first2=J. C.| journal=Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy| volume=53B| year=1950| pages=15–24| jstor=20490874}} 6. ^{{cite web| title=Show Caves of Ireland: Dunmore Caves| url=http://www.showcaves.com/english/ie/showcaves/Dunmore.html| accessdate=2010-10-09}} 7. ^{{cite book| editor1-last=Meyer| editor1-first=Kuno| editor2-last=Lavelle| editor2-first=Hilary| editor3-last=Purcell| editor3-first=Emer|display-editors = 3 | editor4-last=Färber| editor4-first=Beatrix | title=The Triads of Ireland| year= 2005| edition=1st| publisher=Hodges, Figgis & Co| location=Dublin| series=Todd Lecture Series| volume=13| url=http://www.ucc.ie/celt/published/G103006/| accessdate=2010-11-06}} 8. ^1 {{cite book| editor-last=Meyer |editor-first=Kuno |title=The Triads of Ireland| edition=1st| publisher=Hodges, Figgis & Co| location=Dublin| year=1906| series=Todd Lecture Series| volume=13| pages=4–5| url=https://archive.org/details/triadsofireland00meyeuoft| accessdate=2010-11-06}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite journal| last=Foot| first=Arthur Wynne| title=An account of a visit to the cave of Dunmore, Co. Kilkenny, with some remarks on human remains found therein| journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland| series=4| volume=I| location=Dublin| year=1878| pages=65–94| url=https://archive.org/stream/journalofroyalso11royauoft#page/65| accessdate=2010-11-06}} 10. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejournal.ie/dunmore-cave-massacre-1609769-Aug2014/|title=Heritage Ireland: The lonely Kilkenny cave that witnessed a massacre of 1,000 people|last=Jackman|first=Neil|date=|work=The Journal|access-date=}} 11. ^{{cite journal| title=On Two New Deposits of Human and Other Bones, Discovered in the Cave of Dunmore, Co. Kilkenny| last=Hardman| first=Edward T.| journal=Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Science| volume=2 |year=1875–1877| pages=168–176| jstor=20490001}} 12. ^1 {{cite book| chapter=Description of the Cave of Dunmore| last=Berkeley| first=George| authorlink=George Berkeley| editor-last=Fraser| editor-first=Alexander Campbell| title=Works of George Berkeley| volume=IV| pages=73–84| publisher=Clarendon Press| location=Oxford| year=1901| origyear=1706| url=https://archive.org/stream/worksofberkeley04berkuoft#page/73| accessdate=2010-11-06}} 13. ^{{cite web| last=Buckley| first=Laureen| title=Dunmore Cave – A Viking Massacre Site| url=http://www.xs4all.nl/~tbreen/PAISN/3-DUNMORE.html| accessdate=2010-10-09}} Further reading
External links
5 : Limestone caves|Tourist attractions in County Kilkenny|National Monuments in County Kilkenny|Show caves in the Republic of Ireland|Protected areas of County Kilkenny |
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