“Ed Pawlowski”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

On April 17, 2015, Pawlowski announced that he would run for the U.S. Senate in 2016, but he suspended his campaign the following July.^[4] He was a candidate for Pennsylvania governor in 2014, but dropped out of the race in February after "it became clear that he was not going to be able to raise the necessary money."^[5]^[6]

Early life and education

Ed Pawlowski was born to small business owners in Chicago. The family owned and operated a popular Polish restaurant on the City's North Side. Pawlowski attended school in Chicago and Addison, IL, where he earned his High School Diploma in 1983. Following his high school graduation, he enrolled at Moody Bible Institute, in Chicago, IL, where he received his bachelor's degree.

He went on to earn a master's degree in Urban Planning and Public Policy from the University of Illinois at Chicago.

Personal life

Pawlowski has been married for 25 years to Lisa, a community activist and licensed social worker in Allentown, who he met at Moody. They have two children, both of whom attend Allentown public schools.{{cn|date=October 2018}}

Early career and first mayoral election

After his years at MBI, Pawlowski then worked as a Community Organizer in Chicago's Southwest Side, focusing on helping residents find quality, affordable housing and improving their quality of life.

Pawlowski then enrolled at the University of Illinois to pursue his master's degree in Urban Planning and Public Policy. He was then hired to be the Executive Director of Windows of Opportunity, the non-profit subsidiary of the Chicago Housing Authority, where he supervised the development of special programs and self-sufficiency projects designed to help Chicago’s public housing residents, which at the time numbered more than 100,000.

In 1996 he became Executive Director of Lehigh Housing Development Corporation, which under his leadership expanded to six counties and over 50 employees, becoming a regional community development corporation now known as Alliance for Building Communities.

Due to his success in reviving and strengthening this organization, he was recruited to the post of Director of Community and Economic Development for the City of Allentown by then-mayor Roy Afflerbach. Pawlowski was then recruited to challenge Afflerbach for Mayor by dozens of community activists and business leaders who believed the City was headed in the wrong direction.

Pawlowski was elected to his first term as Mayor in 2005 by a majority of the voters. Pawlowski was the first candidate for Mayor to win every precinct in a competitive election—a distinction he maintained through his 2009 re-election bid.

Pawlowski streamlined operations in City Hall, while increasing services to the residents of Allentown. Under his leadership, crime in the City of Allentown is down over 30 percent. His efforts to market Allentown have produced more than 75 million dollars in state and federal grants to rebuild city parks, develop new downtown businesses, and improve the quality of life for families in Allentown.

Safer streets

When Ed Pawlowski became Mayor of Allentown in January 2006, crime was at a five-year-high in every single category, far above the state average. Since then, he has transformed Allentown into a safer city and decreased crime year after year by directing the installation of assisting a high-tech security network, tackling quality of life issues, and providing safer streets and neighborhoods to the third largest city in Pennsylvania.Mayor Pawlowski rebuilt the police force by hiring 80 additional police officers since taking office and working with police to focus on cleaning up crime hot spots. Last year alone, he secured funding to hire an additional 20 officers and worked with the Police Department to launch tip411, an Internet-based tool that enables the public to text message anonymous tips to police.

Pawlowski was instrumental in the creation of Allentown's state-of-the-art High-Tech Security Network by securing state and federal grants to purchase more than 120 cameras to watch city streets—all focused on identifying and quelling crime hot spots. As a result, Allentown's crime rate has decreased for six consecutive years, according to the FBI and State Police. During this period, overall crime has decreased by nearly 30 percent and violent crime has decreased 20%.

Fiscal management

As Mayor, Pawlowski provided strong fiscal management to a city that was in debt, facing an $8 million deficit when he took office. Pawlowski transformed the inherited deficit into a $14-million-dollar cash reserve that helped Allentown weather the nation’s worst economic downturn since The Great Depression. He converted traffic signals to LED technology, reducing electrical consumption and saving more than $120,000 annually. He reduced Allentown’s vehicle fleet and consolidated EMS billing services to create a more efficient department.

Although Allentown has not seen a property tax increase during Pawlowski's terms, the administration's fiscal responsibility has come into question. under Mayor Pawlowski's tenure in late 2012, Allentown's bond rating was downgraded to an A3 with a "negative outlook." ^[7] In 2012, he addressed a police pension fund crisis by offering a controversial solution (see controversies section) of leasing the city's publicly owned water and sewer systems for a period of 50 years. Despite public opposition to the lease, Mayor Pawlowski defended it, stating "In less than 24 months Allentown would be just another Pennsylvania city making very ugly headlines about bankruptcy and its leaders lacking the political courage to address its fiscal problems." ^[8]

To reduce labor costs, Mayor Pawlowski initiated negotiations with two of Allentown’s largest public employee unions, the Service Employees International Union (SEIU) and Fraternal Order of Police (FOP), and crafted labor concession agreements. Through these agreements, the Mayor was able to save Allentown taxpayers more than $15 million over the next five years.

Parks and recreation

Mayor Pawlowski created a handicapped-accessible playground in Cedar Beach Park, which attracts children from every neighborhood in Allentown and beyond. He also added free spray parks for City children to cool off during hot summer days. Due to his efforts, Allentown has been designated as a Playful City USA Community for the fourth year in a row.^[9]

The conversion of one pool to a spray park and the closure of another pool, both in less wealthy parts of Allentown, and the subsequent plans by the Pawlowski administration to launch a new pool in a more affluent area of the city created some degree of controversy. According to Colin McEvoy of the Easton Express Times, ""That drew concerns among the public and council members alike, particularly the idea of a pool being closed in one of the poorer parts of the city while a more affluent neighborhood gets a destination splash park." ^[10]

Mayor Pawlowski's administration was also credited with bringing Allentown the coveted distinction as a "Tree City USA" for the first time in the City's History. This designation from the Arbor Foundation recognizes urban communities that have demonstrated a commitment to preserving urban forestry and sustainability.^[11]

Community development

Some noteworthy projects completed under the Pawlowski administration include: recreating the pre-World War II era Hanover Acres public housing project into the modern Overlook Park Community and the multimillion-dollar redevelopment of the Cumberland Gardens housing project on the City’s south side.

As Mayor, Pawlowski established the "Landlord Hall of Shame" to force irresponsible landlords to clean up problem properties, and he directed the Police Department to focus on nuisance crimes such as graffiti, excessive noise and illegal parking. Despite these efforts, Allentown's poverty rate for families nearly doubled during Pawlowski's tenure, going from 14.6% in 2007 to 24.6% in 2011.^[12]

He improved the City’s infrastructure by advocating for State and Federal Funding for three new bridges now under construction—including one of the few federally funded bridges in Pennsylvania. That project, known as the "American Parkway Bridge" will connect Route 22 to Center City Allentown for the first time in 60 years. The Pawlowski Administration has also created programs to focus on neighborhood street-scape improvements, a new fire station, and the installation of approximately 1,200 ADA ramps.

This year, using a grant from the U.S.Department of Transportation, Allentown will lead the Commonwealth and the Nation in the fight for greater regulation and oversight of natural gas pipelines. This grant was issued in response to a 2011 natural gas pipeline explosion that leveled an entire city block and killed five Allentown residents.^[13]

Third term re-election campaign

In the May 21, 2013 primary election, Pawlowski, running for a third consecutive term as Mayor on the Democratic ticket, not only won the Democratic nomination but also the Republican nomination through a grassroots write-in campaign initiated by a number of local Republican activists and businessmen. Pawlowski is the first Mayor in the history of the City of Allentown to earn both the Republican and Democratic nominations for Mayor.

President of the Pennsylvania Municipal League

Pawlowski was elected as the President of the Pennsylvania Municipal League in 2013. Previously, Pawlowski had served as both First and Second Vice President of the organization. The Pennsylvania Municipal League (PML) is a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization established in 1900 as an advocate for Pennsylvania’s 3rd class cities. Today, the PML represents participating Pennsylvania cities, townships, town, boroughs, and home rule municipalities that all share the League’s municipal policy interests. The President and Board of Directors oversee the administration of a wide array of municipal services including legislative advocacy (on both the state and federal levels), publications designed to educate and inform, education and training certification programs, membership research and inquiries, consulting-based programs, and group insurance trusts.^[14]

As President, Pawlowski has focused on increasing the statewide profile of the Municipal League, developing programs to help urban communities address pressing challenges such as lack of job growth, unfunded pension liabilities, and working with legislators in Harrisburg to ensure that cities are provided with the support and resources necessary for them to serve as economic catalysts for their regions.

Candidacy for U.S. Senate

On April 17, 2015, Pawlowski announced his intentions to run for the U.S. Senate as the Democratic candidate. He will compete with Joe Sestak in the primary election, with both candidates running for the seat held by current Senator Pat Toomey.^[15]

In his campaign announcement, he touted his success as a pragmatic problem solver who has brought more than $1 billion of new development and thousands of new jobs to Allentown while eliminating operating and pension obligation deficits.

"I can take my record of success and the lessons I’ve learned in Allentown to Washington and make things work for all of us again," Pawlowski said during his announcement speech. "The game has been rigged against us for too long. The playing field is not level. Businesses that think themselves too big to fail also seem to believe they are too big to care and we are too small to matter. Only together can we create change."

Pawlowski went on a brief announcement tour and picked up numerous endorsements along the way. The Metropolitan Regional Council of Carpenters and the International Union of Operating Engineers, Local 542, both in Philadelphia, announced their support of Pawlowski, as did the Lehigh Valley Building Trades Council. Pawlowski was also endorsed by fellow mayors Bob Donchez of Bethlehem, Sal Panto of Easton and Vaughn Spencer of Reading; Pennsylvania state Reps. Michael Schlossberg, Peter Schweyer, Dan McNeill and Thomas Caltagirone; and Adrian Shanker, chairman of the LGBT Caucus of the Pennsylvania Democratic Party.^[16]

Pawlowski suspended his campaign four days after the Federal Bureau of Investigation conducted a search in City Hall and questioned officials in connection with a grand jury investigation.^[4]

Controversies

Lease concession

Ed Pawlowski and the majority of Allentown City council advocated throughout 2012 and 2013 for the lease of the city's publicly owned water and sewer systems to cover soaring pension costs for high-ranking police officers negotiated under the previous administration. The proposal to lease the city's water and sewer systems for 50 years came under significant public scrutiny, especially considering successful legal action by surrounding municipalities that left the city with considerable budget shortfalls involving Allentown's Neighborhood Improvement Zone (NIZ).^[17] Several meetings were held with the public in relation to the lease of water systems, the first being in July 2012. The final vote on whether the water lease would be approved and who would be permitted to purchase it relied on Allentown City Council.^[18]

Residents expressed concerns over the safety of water systems in private hands, evidence from prior sales in other cities that suggested rates would skyrocket if the systems were handed over to a private or public firm, the importance of water staying a public asset, and several ethical concerns regarding the transparency of the process. Several residents also argued why the systems needed to be leased, considering that, if the lease succeeded, profits from the water and sewer systems would go into private coffers instead of public funds. Additionally, the Mayor's administration spent an undisclosed amount of public funds on hiring Public Finance Management (PFM) to research the situation and sell the public on the idea of leasing water and sewer systems. The amount spent to hire PFM was later discovered to have totaled $500,000. A conflict of interest was also purported when it was announced that PFM would negotiate the request for proposals for the water lease, thereby giving the firm a stake in the success of the water lease proposal.^[19]^[20]^[21]^[22]

As a result of the controversy, a concerned citizens group later referred to as Save Allentown's Water was formed. Also, groups including but not limited to Food and Water Watch, Water Posse, and the Lehigh Valley Industrial Workers of the World all helped to oppose water privatization in the beginning. In October 2012, resident Elijah LoPinto submitted a petition to force Allentown City Council to discuss making the water lease a ballot question; however, council refused to discuss the petition or ballot question.^[23] Eventually, Save Allentown's Water and Food and Water Watch compiled a petition that would force the water lease to become a referendum issue. The petitioners gathered over 4,000 signatures from registered voters in Allentown, double the required 2,000. Despite the signatures being deemed valid, the petition was disqualified in February 2013 for not meeting requirements under the Pennsylvania Election Code and State Constitution.^[24]

In April 2013, more public meetings were held as Allentown City Council prepared to commence with a final vote on the water lease. Mayor Pawlowski continued to defend his proposal despite the concerns of the public, stating that "In less than 24 months Allentown would be just another Pennsylvania city making very ugly headlines about bankruptcy and its leaders lacking the political courage to address its fiscal problems." ^[25]

Over a hundred residents were in attendance at the final meeting on the water lease, where the lease was approved by City Council by a 6-1 vote. The highest bidder for the water lease was Lehigh County Authority with a bid of $220 million.^[26]^[27]

The LCA is a public water and wastewater utility governed by a nine-member board of directors appointed by the county, whose ratemaking practices are governed by the Pennsylvania Municipal Authorities Act.^[28]

According to Food & Water Watch, the deal with the county authority saved Allentown residents "from rate gouging and other poor practices of the private companies who bid on their system. It also highlights how private companies just cannot compete financially with nonprofit public entities. Because the Lehigh County Authority had access to low cost public borrowing and because it did not have to make a profit, the authority was able to bid substantially more than the private companies while offering a better benefit package to the water workers. The authority will keep the water workers’ pensions, which would have been lost with privatization." ^[29]

The lease-concession provided the city an upfront payment of $211 million, with annual payments of $500,000. The payments helped the city reduce its unfunded pension liability by $150 million, eliminate $30 million in water and sewer debt and reduce its annual Municipal pension obligation from $28 million to $6 million in a single year.^[30]

As a result, Standard & Poor’s Rating Services lifted Allentown’s bond rating by three notches from BBB+ to A+. The rating agency noted that the dramatic one time rate increase was due to city’s "significantly improved budget flexibility" as a result of its water and sewer system lease-concession agreement.^[31]

The lease concession and bonds sold to finance development in the Neighborhood Improvement Zone collectively won Allentown recognition from The Bond Buyer as its "Deal of the Year," for the Northeast Region in 2013.^[32]

FBI probe and conviction

In 2013, the Federal Bureau of Investigation began "interception of electronic and wire communications" in Allentown City Hall.^[33] On July 2, 2015 the FBI raided Allentown City Hall and Mayor Ed Pawlowski's home as part of a more-than-two-year investigation into Allentown's contracting practices.^[34]^[35] Several days later, Mike Fleck, campaign manager for Pawlowski and former Reading Mayor Vaughn Spencer, abruptly moved from his Allentown home. News reports at the time claimed that Fleck was secretly recording Pawlowski and Spencer for the FBI.^[36] Subsequently, two individuals pleaded guilty on bribery charges related to the investigation.^[37]^[38] Court documents related to one of the cases implicated an unnamed individual ("Public Official No. 3") who matches the description of Mayor Pawlowski.^[38] The defendant in the other case was Reading City Council President Francisco Acosta, and documents in that case implicated unnamed individual ("Public Official No. 1") matching the description of Reading's Mayor Spencer.^[37] Acosta received a two-year prison sentence.^[39]

In November 2015, former Allentown assistant solicitor Dale Wiles pleaded guilty in federal court to conspiracy to commit mail and wire fraud. Charging documents stated that Wiles was working under the direction of Public Official No. 3 when he steered a contract, initially scored in favor of another vendor, to a donor of the official. Eron Lloyd, a special assistant to Spencer, pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit bribery offenses. Charging documents stated that he conspired with Public Official No. 1. to bribe Reading City Council members to repeal campaign contribution limits for recipients of no-bid contracts.^[40]

In January 2016, former Allentown Finance Director Gary Strathearn pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit mail and wire fraud. Charging documents stated Strathearn steered a contract to campaign donors of Public Official No. 3.^[41] That same month, Allentown Controller Mary Ellen Koval resigned^[42] and pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit honest services fraud. Charging documents stated that Koval conspired with Public Official No. 3 to steer contracts with the city and with the Allentown Parking Authority to campaign donors.^[43] On January 20, 2016 the Allentown City Council unanimously voted no confidence in the mayor and called on him to resign.^[44]

Additional guilty pleas relating to the FBI investigation were made in April 2016. Campaign manager Mike Fleck pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit extortion and bribery offenses and a single count of tax evasion. According to court documents, Fleck worked with several unnamed public officials in Reading and Allentown to deprive citizens of their "right to honest services" through "bribery and kickbacks."^[45] Matthew McTish, president of McTish, Kunkel & Associates, an Allentown-based engineering firm, pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit bribery offenses. According to court documents, McTish donated to the campaigns of Public Officials No. 1 and No. 3 to secure municipal contracts in Allentown and Reading.^[46]

In March 2017, Francis Dougherty, formerly a managing director for Allentown, pleaded guilty to one count of conspiracy to commit mail and wire fraud in an alleged effort to steer city contracts and other services to Pawlowski campaign donors. According to court documents, Dougherty conspired with Public Official No. 3 to steer the city's streetlight upgrade contract to a campaign donor of Public Official No. 3. He also threatened to fire a city employee who did not write bidding documents in a way favorable to a campaign donor, court documents say.^[47] Patrick Regan, a former vice president with The Efficiency Network (TEN), pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit mail and wire fraud on June 12, 2017 in regards to the streetlight contract. According to court documents, Regan participated in a conspiracy with Dougherty to give Regan's company an advantage in the bidding process. Court documents state that Dougherty allowed Regan to rewrite the city's bidding documents for the contract and pass them through an intermediary, giving Dougherty a "degree of separation." Regan was told the process was designed to "eliminate competition," court documents state. Regan was also a donor to Pawlowski's mayoral, gubernatorial and U.S. Senate campaigns, according to campaign finance records. The TEN contract was canceled in the wake of the investigation.^[48]

On April 3, 2017, Mark Neisser, a former business development manager of T&M Associates, pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit bribery offenses. The charging documents indicate that Neisser admitted giving thousands of dollars in campaign contributions to Public Official No. 1 and to Public Official No. 3 to "gain or maintain his firm's competitive edge" to receive municipal engineering contracts in Reading and in Allentown.^[48]

On July 25, 2017, Pawlowski was indicted in a pay-to-play scheme according to his lawyer. Pawlowski has denied any wrongdoing and will not be stepping down or dropping out of the campaign for a fourth term as Allentown mayor.^[49] On March 1, 2018, following a federal trial, Pawlowski was found guilty of 47 charges, including multiple counts of conspiracy, bribery, attempted extortion, false statements to federal officials, mail fraud, and wire fraud. He was also found not guilty of seven charges. After the conviction U.S. Attorney Louis D. Lappen said in a statement, Pawlowski "(sold) his office to the highest bidder to fund his personal ambitions".^[2]^[3] On March 7, 2018, Pawlowski announced his resignation as Mayor of Allentown.^[50] On October 23, 2018, Pawlowski was sentenced to 15 years in federal prison.^[51]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite news|last1=Opilo|first1=Emily|last2=Hall|first2=Peter|title=Source: Allentown Mayor Ed Pawlowski to resign Thursday|url=http://www.mcall.com/news/local/allentown/mc-nws-allentown-mayor-pawlowski-to-resign-20180307-story.html|accessdate=March 7, 2018|publisher=Allentown Morning Call|date=March 7, 2018}}
2. ^¹{{cite news |last1=Opilo |first1=Emily |last2=Hall |first2=Peter |work=The Morning Call |date=March 1, 2018 |title=Allentown Mayor Ed Pawlowski guilty on most charges in pay-to-play trial; must leave office }}
3. ^¹{{cite news |last=Miller |first=Rudy |title=Allentown mayor found guilty; Ed Pawlowski sold office to donors, jury's verdict in federal corruption trial |work=The Express-Times |date=March 1, 2018 }}
4. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.mcall.com/news/breaking/mc-allentown-ed-pawlowski-senate-race-20150706-story.html|title=Allentown Mayor Ed Pawlowski suspends U.S. Senate campaign as political consultant's firm folds|first=Emily Opilo, Matt Assad, Laura|last=Olson|publisher=}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.philly.com/philly/blogs/capitolinq/Allentowns-Pawlowski-launches-Senate-run.html|title=Allentown's Pawlowski launches Senate run|publisher=}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://articles.mcall.com/2014-02-03/news/mc-pa-allentown-mayor-pawlowski-mccord-20140203_1_mayor-pawlowski-governor-congresswoman-allyson-schwartz|title=Pawlowski drops governor bid, endorses McCord|publisher=}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://articles.mcall.com/2012-10-12/news/mc-allentown-pa-bond-rating-downgrade-moodys-20121012_1_negative-outlook-investors-use-credit-ratings-a2|title=Allentown's bond rating downgraded to A3 with a negative outlook|publisher=}}
8. ^http://www.lehighvalleylive.com/allentown/index.ssf/2013/04
9. ^http://mapofplay.kaboom.org/cities/
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.goironpigs.com/?p=17477|title=Chairman Pawlowski’s Transformative Struggle To Progressively Spend Serious Taxpayer Money|website=www.goironpigs.com}}
11. ^http://www.arborday.org/programs/treeCityUSA/about.cfm
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://articles.mcall.com/2012-09-19/news/mc-allentown-census-poverty-20120919_1_allentown-shelter-allentown-rescue-mission-median-income|title=U.S. Census numbers: Allentown economy lagging|publisher=}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lehighvalleylive.com/allentown/index.ssf/2013/01/allentown_receives_federal_gra.html|title=Allentown receives federal grant for pipeline safety, task force|publisher=}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pamunicipalleague.org/index.asp?Type=B_BASIC&SEC=%7B51C09E63-9073-4067-A59D-A16AF34F4D11%7D|title=About Us|publisher=}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mcall.com/news/breaking/mc-pa-senate-ed-pawlowski-announce-campaign-20150417-story.html|title=Allentown Mayor Ed Pawlowski is running for U.S. Senate seat held by Pat Toomey|first=Emily Opilo, Laura|last=Olson|publisher=}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lehighvalleylive.com/elections/index.ssf/2015/04/allentown_mayor_ed_pawlowski_k.html|title=Allentown Mayor Ed Pawlowski kicks off U.S. Senate campaign with Center City rally|publisher=}}
17. ^http://www.wfmz.com/news/news-regional-lehighvalley/Whitehall-Township-withdraws-from-NIZ-lawsuit-involving-the-Allentown-Hockey-Arena/-/132502/15456158/-/xtk5r0/-/index.html
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lehighvalleylive.com/allentown/index.ssf/2012/07/allentown_mayor_proposes_leasi.html|title=Allentown mayor proposes leasing city's water, sewer systems to make pension payments|publisher=}}
19. ^http://www.wfmz.com/news/news-regional-lehighvalley/Allentown-City-Council-member-Jeanette-Eichenwald-still-trying-to-solve-1-million-mystery/-/132502/17835402/-/dwcstcz/-/index.html
20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/wenonah-hauter/murky-waters-in-allentown_b_2964807.html|title=Murky Waters in Allentown|first1=Wenonah|last1=Hauter|first2=Donald|last2=Cohen|date=30 March 2013|publisher=}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lehighvalleylive.com/allentown/index.ssf/2012/08/allentown_water_privatization.html|title=Allentown water privatization draws concerns at hearing|publisher=}}
22. ^http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/blogs/why-leasing-allentowns-water-and-sewer-system-would-be-a-financial-worst-practice/
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lehighvalleylive.com/allentown/index.ssf/2012/10/allentown_council_refuses_to_v.html|title=Allentown council refuses to vote on water, sewer lease until financial questions answered|publisher=}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lehighvalleylive.com/allentown/index.ssf/2013/02/allentown_water_lease_referend.html|title=Allentown water lease referendum question not to appear on May ballot|publisher=}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lehighvalleylive.com/allentown/index.ssf/2013/04/allentown_city_council_hears_c.html|title=Allentown city council hears case for proposed lease of water and sewer system|publisher=}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://articles.mcall.com/2013-04-03/news/mc-allentown-council-water-sewer-discussion-20130403_1_sewer-lease-allentown-water-home-rule-charter|title=Residents angry about Allentown water, sewer lease confront council|publisher=}}
27. ^http://www.wfmz.com/news/news-regional-lehighvalley/allentown-city-council-approves-lcas-lease-of-water-sewer-system/-/132502/19902218/-/xa1yw4z/-/index.html
28. ^{{cite web|url=https://lehighcountyauthority.org/about-lca/lca-overview-mission/|title=Lehigh County Authority » LCA Overview & Mission|website=lehighcountyauthority.org}}
29. ^http://www.foodandwaterwatch.org/studies/allentown-pa/
30. ^• http://www.governing.com/blogs/view/gov-how-allentown-sold-its-utilities-to-fund-its-pensions.html
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mcall.com/news/breaking/mc-allentown-bond-rating-increase-20150218-story.html|title=Allentown's bond rating boosted by water, sewer lease|first=Emily|last=Opilo|publisher=}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bondbuyer.com/issues/122_229/bonding-fuels-allentown-rebound-1057800-1.html|title=Bonding Fuels Allentown Rebound|publisher=}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mcall.com/news/local/allentown/mc-allentown-fbi-wire-taps-20160522-story.html|title=FBI informs many that their conversations were recorded during Allentown probe|first=Matt Assad, Peter|last=Hall|publisher=}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mcall.com/news/breaking/mc-allentown-fbi-city-hall-20150702-story.html|title=FBI agents search Allentown City Hall in connection with grand jury probe|first=Emily|last=Opilo|publisher=}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://mcallcommunity.com/allentown_fbi/timeline.html|title=Allentown FBI investigation timeline|website=mcallcommunity.com}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mcall.com/news/breaking/mc-allentown-pawlowski-campaign-adviser-moves-20150708-story.html|title=Allentown mayor's campaign adviser moves, leaving candidates in limbo|first=Matt Assad, Emily Opilo and Scott|last=Kraus|publisher=}}
37. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.mcall.com/news/local/mc-pa-allentown-reading-fbi-investigation-acosta-guilty-20150805-story.html|title=Reading City Council president pleads guilty to federal charges in connection with FBI investigation|first=Emily|last=Opilo|publisher=}}
38. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.mcall.com/news/breaking/mc-allentown-fbi-ramzi-haddad-charge-20150910-story.html|title=Developer Ramzi Haddad pleads guilty in connection with Allentown FBI investigation|first=Emily Opilo, Scott|last=Kraus|publisher=}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mcall.com/news/breaking/mc-fbi-reading-acosta-sentencing-20160201-story.html|title=Former Reading politician gets prison in FBI probe linked to Allentown|first=Peter|last=Hall|publisher=}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mcall.com/news/local/allentown/mc-allentown-fbi-dale-wiles-plead-northeast-revenue-20151130-story.html|title=Ex-Allentown official pleads guilty in FBI investigation|first=Emily Opilo, Peter|last=Hall|publisher=}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mcall.com/news/local/allentown/mc-allentown-gary-strathearn-plead-20160111-story.html|title=Former Allentown finance director Gary Strathearn pleads guilty to federal charge of mail and wire fraud|first=Emily|last=Opilo|publisher=}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mcall.com/news/local/allentown/mc-allentown-controller-mary-ellen-koval-resigns-20160105-story.html|title=Allentown Controller Mary Ellen Koval resigns amid FBI probe|first=Emily|last=Opilo|publisher=}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mcall.com/news/local/allentown/mc-allentown-fbi-mary-ellen-koval-guilty-plea-20160114-story.html|title=Lawyer: Former Allentown official lied to FBI out of panic and loyalty, but soon returned to confess|first=Peter Hall, Emily|last=Opilo|publisher=}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mcall.com/news/breaking/mc-allentown-fbi-pawlowski-no-confidence-council-20160120-story.html|title=Allentown Council unanimous in no confidence vote on Mayor Ed Pawlowski|first=Emily|last=Opilo|publisher=}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mcall.com/news/breaking/mc-allentown-fbi-probe-fleck-0421-20160421-story.html|title=Mike Fleck, Allentown mayor's adviser, friend charged in FBI probe|first=Emily Opilo, Peter Hall, Matt|last=Assad|publisher=}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mcall.com/news/breaking/mc-allentown-fbi-city-hall-mctish-20160510-story.html|title=Allentown engineer's plea in FBI probe revealed|first=Emily Opilo, Peter|last=Hall|publisher=}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mcall.com/news/local/allentown/mc-allentown-fbi-fran-dougherty-charged-20170322-story.html|title=Former top Allentown bureaucrat Francis Dougherty pleads guilty, implicates mayor|first=Emily Opilo, Peter|last=Hall|publisher=}}
48. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.mcall.com/news/local/allentown/mc-allentown-fbi-regan-neisser-guilty-plea-20170621-story.html|title=Two executives with Allentown contracts plead guilty in FBI corruption investigation|first=Emily Opilo, Peter|last=Hall|publisher=}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mcall.com/news/breaking/mc-nws-allentown-fbi-mayor-ed-pawlowski-charged-20170725-story.html|title=Allentown Mayor Ed Pawlowski charged in political corruption case, says he won't step down|first=Emily Opilo, Peter Hall, Matt|last=Assad|publisher=}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wfmz.com/news/fbi-probe/allentown-mayor-ed-pawlowski-set-to-resign-thursday/712889281|title=Allentown Mayor Ed Pawlowski set to resign Thursday|first=69|last=News|date=8 March 2018|publisher=}}
51. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/Allentown-Mayor-Ed-Pawlowski-Corruption-Sentencing-498289531.html|title=Ex-Allentown Mayor Sentenced to 15 Years|work=NBC 10 Philadelphia|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en}}