词条 | Celaenae |
释义 |
Celaenae (Celænæ) or Kelainai ({{lang-el|Κελαιναί}}), was an ancient city of Phrygia and capital of the Persian satrapy of Greater Phrygia,[1] near the source of the Maeander River in what is today west central Turkey (Dinar of Afyonkarahisar Province), and was situated on the great trade route to the East. HistoryIt is first mentioned by Herodotus, in Book VII of his Histories; describing the route of Xerxes on his way to invade Greece in 480 BC, he writes: Xenophon describes it, in Book I of his Anabasis, as the place where Cyrus mustered his Greek mercenaries in 401 BC:
In 394 Agesilaus II, on reaching the Meander on his march through Phrygia, consulted an oracle to determine whether he should attack Celaenae; on receiving a negative omen, he went back down the valley to Ephesus. "In reality, the omens simply confirmed a prior decision: to march against Celaenae would be terribly risky."[4] In the winter of 333 BC, Alexander arrived outside the city, which "had a major Persian settlement" and was well known for its enormous park and "the great fortified estates (tetrapyrgia) immediately around the town," which "evince the richness of the agriculture and husbandry of a country 'abounding in villages rather than in cities' (Quintus Curtius III.1.11)."[5] Its acropolis long held out, and surrendered to him at last by arrangement. His successor, Eumenes, made it for some time his headquarters, as did Antigonus until 301. From Lysimachus it passed to Seleucus I Nicator, whose son Antiochus I Soter, seeing its geographical importance, refounded it on a more open site as Apamea; Ronald Syme writes: "From a topographical point of view the change was less considerable than, for example, at Nysa, a new city constituted by the synoecism of three separate villages."[6] References1. ^Pierre Briant, tr. Peter T. Daniels, From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire (Eisenbrauns, 2006: {{ISBN|1-57506-120-1}}), p. 2. 2. ^Herodotus, The Histories, tr. Robin Waterfield (Oxford University Press, 1998: {{ISBN|0-19-282425-2}}), p. 418. 3. ^Xenophon, Anabasis, tr. H. G. Dakyns (Macmillan and Co., 1897), Book I. 4. ^Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, p. 639. 5. ^Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander, p. 705. 6. ^Syme, Anatolica, p. 337. Sources{{commonscat}}
8 : Anatolia|Achaemenid cities|Phrygia|Former populated places in Turkey|Anabasis (Xenophon)|Geography of Afyonkarahisar Province|History of Afyonkarahisar Province|Tourist attractions in Afyonkarahisar Province |
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。