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词条 Cell culture
释义

  1. History

  2. Concepts in mammalian cell culture

     Isolation of cells  Maintaining cells in culture   Components of cell culture media    Typical Growth conditions   Cell line cross-contamination  Other technical issues  Manipulation of cultured cells  Media changes  Passaging cells  Transfection and transduction  Established human cell lines  Cell strains 

  3. Applications of cell culture

     Cell culture in two dimensions  Cell culture in three dimensions   3D cell culture in hydrogels    3D Cell Culturing by Magnetic Levitation   Tissue culture and engineering  Vaccines 

  4. Culture of non-mammalian cells

     Plant cell culture methods  Insect cell culture  Bacterial and yeast culture methods  Viral culture methods 

  5. Common cell lines

  6. List of cell lines

  7. See also

  8. References and notes

  9. Further reading

  10. External links

Cell culture is the process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside their natural environment. After the cells of interest have been isolated from living tissue, they can subsequently be maintained under carefully controlled conditions. These conditions vary for each cell type, but generally consist of a suitable vessel with a substrate or medium that supplies the essential nutrients (amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals), growth factors, hormones, and gases (CO2, O2), and regulates the physio-chemical environment (pH buffer, osmotic pressure, temperature). Most cells require a surface or an artificial substrate (adherent or monolayer culture) whereas others can be grown free floating in culture medium (suspension culture). The lifespan of most cells is genetically determined, but some cell culturing cells have been “transformed” into immortal cells which will reproduce indefinitely if the optimal conditions are provided.

In practice, the term "cell culture" now refers to the culturing of cells derived from multicellular eukaryotes, especially animal cells, in contrast with other types of culture that also grow cells, such as plant tissue culture, fungal culture, and microbiological culture (of microbes). The historical development and methods of cell culture are closely interrelated to those of tissue culture and organ culture. Viral culture is also related, with cells as hosts for the viruses.

The laboratory technique of maintaining live cell lines (a population of cells descended from a single cell and containing the same genetic makeup) separated from their original tissue source became more robust in the middle 20th century.[1][2]

History

The 19th-century English physiologist Sydney Ringer developed salt solutions containing the chlorides of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium suitable for maintaining the beating of an isolated animal heart outside the body.[3] In 1885, Wilhelm Roux removed a portion of the medullary plate of an embryonic chicken and maintained it in a warm saline solution for several days, establishing the principle of tissue culture.[4] Ross Granville Harrison, working at Johns Hopkins Medical School and then at Yale University, published results of his experiments from 1907 to 1910, establishing the methodology of tissue culture.[5]

Cell culture techniques were advanced significantly in the 1940s and 1950s to support research in virology. Growing viruses in cell cultures allowed preparation of purified viruses for the manufacture of vaccines. The injectable polio vaccine developed by Jonas Salk was one of the first products mass-produced using cell culture techniques. This vaccine was made possible by the cell culture research of John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller, and Frederick Chapman Robbins, who were awarded a Nobel Prize for their discovery of a method of growing the virus in monkey kidney cell cultures.

Concepts in mammalian cell culture

Isolation of cells

{{Main|Cell isolation}}Cells can be isolated from tissues for ex vivo culture in several ways. Cells can be easily purified from blood; however, only the white cells are capable of growth in culture. Cells can be isolated from solid tissues by digesting the extracellular matrix using enzymes such as collagenase, trypsin, or pronase, before agitating the tissue to release the cells into suspension.[6][7] Alternatively, pieces of tissue can be placed in growth media, and the cells that grow out are available for culture. This method is known as explant culture.

Cells that are cultured directly from a subject are known as primary cells. With the exception of some derived from tumors, most primary cell cultures have limited lifespan.

An established or immortalized cell line has acquired the ability to proliferate indefinitely either through random mutation or deliberate modification, such as artificial expression of the telomerase gene.

Numerous cell lines are well established as representative of particular cell types.

Maintaining cells in culture

For the majority of isolated primary cells, they undergo the process of senescence and stop dividing after a certain number of population doublings while generally retaining their viability (described as the Hayflick limit).

Cells are grown and maintained at an appropriate temperature and gas mixture (typically, 37 °C, 5% CO2 for mammalian cells) in a cell incubator. Culture conditions vary widely for each cell type, and variation of conditions for a particular cell type can result in different phenotypes.Aside from temperature and gas mixture, the most commonly varied factor in culture systems is the cell growth medium. Recipes for growth media can vary in pH, glucose concentration, growth factors, and the presence of other nutrients. The growth factors used to supplement media are often derived from the serum of animal blood, such as fetal bovine serum (FBS), bovine calf serum, equine serum, and porcine serum. One complication of these blood-derived ingredients is the potential for contamination of the culture with viruses or prions, particularly in medical biotechnology applications. Current practice is to minimize or eliminate the use of these ingredients wherever possible and use human platelet lysate (hPL).[8] This eliminates the worry of cross-species contamination when using FBS with human cells. hPL has emerged as a safe and reliable alternative as a direct replacement for FBS or other animal serum. In addition, chemically defined media can be used to eliminate any serum trace (human or animal), but this cannot always be accomplished with different cell types. Alternative strategies involve sourcing the animal blood from countries with minimum BSE/TSE risk, such as The United States, Australia and New Zealand,[9] and using purified nutrient concentrates derived from serum in place of whole animal serum for cell culture.[10]

Plating density (number of cells per volume of culture medium) plays a critical role for some cell types. For example, a lower plating density makes granulosa cells exhibit estrogen production, while a higher plating density makes them appear as progesterone-producing theca lutein cells.[11]

Cells can be grown either in suspension or adherent cultures. Some cells naturally live in suspension, without being attached to a surface, such as cells that exist in the bloodstream. There are also cell lines that have been modified to be able to survive in suspension cultures so they can be grown to a higher density than adherent conditions would allow. Adherent cells require a surface, such as tissue culture plastic or microcarrier, which may be coated with extracellular matrix (such as collagen and laminin) components to increase adhesion properties and provide other signals needed for growth and differentiation. Most cells derived from solid tissues are adherent. Another type of adherent culture is organotypic culture, which involves growing cells in a three-dimensional (3-D) environment as opposed to two-dimensional culture dishes. This 3D culture system is biochemically and physiologically more similar to in vivo tissue, but is technically challenging to maintain because of many factors (e.g. diffusion).

Components of cell culture media

ComponentFunction
Carbon source (glucose/glutamine)Source of energy
Amino acidBuilding blocks of protein
VitaminsPromote cell survival and growth
Balanced salt solutionAn isotonic mixture of ions to maintain optimum osmotic pressure within the cells and provide essential metal ions to act as cofactors for enzymatic reactions, cell adhesion etc.
Phenol red dyepH indicator. The color of phenol red changes from orange/red at pH 7-7.4 to yellow at acidic (lower) pH and purple at basic (higher) pH.
Bicarbonate /HEPES bufferIt is used to maintain a balanced pH in the media

Typical Growth conditions

Parameter
Temperature37 °C
CO25%
Relative Humidity95%

Cell line cross-contamination

{{Main|List of contaminated cell lines}}

Cell line cross-contamination can be a problem for scientists working with cultured cells.[12] Studies suggest anywhere from 15–20% of the time, cells used in experiments have been misidentified or contaminated with another cell line.[13][14][15] Problems with cell line cross-contamination have even been detected in lines from the NCI-60 panel, which are used routinely for drug-screening studies.[16][17] Major cell line repositories, including the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC) and the German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures (DSMZ), have received cell line submissions from researchers that were misidentified by them.[16][18] Such contamination poses a problem for the quality of research produced using cell culture lines, and the major repositories are now authenticating all cell line submissions.[19] ATCC uses short tandem repeat (STR) DNA fingerprinting to authenticate its cell lines.[20]

To address this problem of cell line cross-contamination, researchers are encouraged to authenticate their cell lines at an early passage to establish the identity of the cell line. Authentication should be repeated before freezing cell line stocks, every two months during active culturing and before any publication of research data generated using the cell lines. Many methods are used to identify cell lines, including isoenzyme analysis, human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) typing, chromosomal analysis, karyotyping, morphology and STR analysis.[20]

One significant cell-line cross contaminant is the immortal HeLa cell line.

Other technical issues

As cells generally continue to divide in culture, they generally grow to fill the available area or volume. This can generate several issues:

  • Nutrient depletion in the growth media
  • Changes in pH of the growth media
  • Accumulation of apoptotic/necrotic (dead) cells
  • Cell-to-cell contact can stimulate cell cycle arrest, causing cells to stop dividing, known as contact inhibition.
  • Cell-to-cell contact can stimulate cellular differentiation.
  • Genetic and epigenetic alterations, with a natural selection of the altered cells potentially leading to overgrowth of abnormal, culture-adapted cells with decreased differentiation and increased proliferative capacity.[21]

Manipulation of cultured cells

Among the common manipulations carried out on culture cells are media changes, passaging cells, and transfecting cells.

These are generally performed using tissue culture methods that rely on aseptic technique. Aseptic technique aims to avoid contamination with bacteria, yeast, or other cell lines. Manipulations are typically carried out in a biosafety cabinet or laminar flow cabinet to exclude contaminating micro-organisms. Antibiotics (e.g. penicillin and streptomycin) and antifungals (e.g.amphotericin B) can also be added to the growth media.

As cells undergo metabolic processes, acid is produced and the pH decreases. Often, a pH indicator is added to the medium to measure nutrient depletion.

Media changes

In the case of adherent cultures, the media can be removed directly by aspiration, and then is replaced. Media changes in non-adherent cultures involve centrifuging the culture and resuspending the cells in fresh media.

Passaging cells

{{main|Passaging}}

Passaging (also known as subculture or splitting cells) involves transferring a small number of cells into a new vessel. Cells can be cultured for a longer time if they are split regularly, as it avoids the senescence associated with prolonged high cell density. Suspension cultures are easily passaged with a small amount of culture containing a few cells diluted in a larger volume of fresh media. For adherent cultures, cells first need to be detached; this is commonly done with a mixture of trypsin-EDTA; however, other enzyme mixes are now available for this purpose. A small number of detached cells can then be used to seed a new culture. Some cell cultures, such as RAW cells are mechanically scraped from the surface of their vessel with rubber scrapers.

Transfection and transduction

{{main|Transfection|Transformation (genetics)}}

Another common method for manipulating cells involves the introduction of foreign DNA by transfection. This is often performed to cause cells to express a gene of interest. More recently, the transfection of RNAi constructs have been realized as a convenient mechanism for suppressing the expression of a particular gene/protein. DNA can also be inserted into cells using viruses, in methods referred to as transduction, infection or transformation. Viruses, as parasitic agents, are well suited to introducing DNA into cells, as this is a part of their normal course of reproduction.

Established human cell lines

Cell lines that originate with humans have been somewhat controversial in bioethics, as they may outlive their parent organism and later be used in the discovery of lucrative medical treatments. In the pioneering decision in this area, the Supreme Court of California held in Moore v. Regents of the University of California that human patients have no property rights in cell lines derived from organs removed with their consent.[22]

{{details|Hybridoma}}

It is possible to fuse normal cells with an immortalised cell line. This method is used to produce monoclonal antibodies. In brief, lymphocytes isolated from the spleen (or possibly blood) of an immunised animal are combined with an immortal myeloma cell line (B cell lineage) to produce a hybridoma which has the antibody specificity of the primary lymphocyte and the immortality of the myeloma. Selective growth medium (HA or HAT) is used to select against unfused myeloma cells; primary lymphoctyes die quickly in culture and only the fused cells survive. These are screened for production of the required antibody, generally in pools to start with and then after single cloning.

Cell strains

A cell strain is derived either from a primary culture or a cell line by the selection or cloning of cells having specific properties or characteristics which must be defined. Cell strains are cells that have been adapted to culture but, unlike cell lines, have a finite division potential. Non-immortalized cells stop dividing after 40 to 60 population doublings[23] and, after this, they lose their ability to proliferate (a genetically determined event known as senescence).[24]

Applications of cell culture

Mass culture of animal cell lines is fundamental to the manufacture of viral vaccines and other products of biotechnology. Culture of human stem cells is used to expand the number of cells and differentiate the cells into various somatic cell types for transplantation.[25] Stem cell culture is also used to harvest the molecules and exosomes that the stem cells release for the purposes of therapeutic development.[26]

Biological products produced by recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology in animal cell cultures include enzymes, synthetic hormones, immunobiologicals (monoclonal antibodies, interleukins, lymphokines), and anticancer agents. Although many simpler proteins can be produced using rDNA in bacterial cultures, more complex proteins that are glycosylated (carbohydrate-modified) currently must be made in animal cells. An important example of such a complex protein is the hormone erythropoietin. The cost of growing mammalian cell cultures is high, so research is underway to produce such complex proteins in insect cells or in higher plants, use of single embryonic cell and somatic embryos as a source for direct gene transfer via particle bombardment, transit gene expression and confocal microscopy observation is one of its applications. It also offers to confirm single cell origin of somatic embryos and the asymmetry of the first cell division, which starts the process.

Cell culture is also a key technique for cellular agriculture, which aims to provide both new products and new ways of producing existing agricultural products like milk, (cultured) meat, fragrances, and rhino horn from cells and microorganisms. It is therefore considered one means of achieving animal-free agriculture. It is also a central tool for teaching cell biology.[27]

Cell culture in two dimensions

Research in tissue engineering, stem cells and molecular biology primarily involves cultures of cells on flat plastic dishes. This technique is known as two-dimensional (2D) cell culture, and was first developed by Wilhelm Roux who, in 1885, removed a portion of the medullary plate of an embryonic chicken and maintained it in warm saline for several days on a flat glass plate. From the advance of polymer technology arose today's standard plastic dish for 2D cell culture, commonly known as the Petri dish. Julius Richard Petri, a German bacteriologist, is generally credited with this invention while working as an assistant to Robert Koch. Various researchers today also utilize culturing laboratory flasks, conicals, and even disposable bags like those used in single-use bioreactors.

Aside from Petri dishes, scientists have long been growing cells within biologically derived matrices such as collagen or fibrin, and more recently, on synthetic hydrogels such as polyacrylamide or PEG. They do this in order to elicit phenotypes that are not expressed on conventionally rigid substrates. There is growing interest in controlling matrix stiffness,[28] a concept that has led to discoveries in fields such as:

  • Stem cell self-renewal[29][30]
  • Lineage specification[31]
  • Cancer cell phenotype[32][33][34]
  • Fibrosis[35][36]
  • Hepatocyte function[37][38][39]
  • Mechanosensing[40][41][42]

Cell culture in three dimensions

Cell culture in three dimensions has been touted as "Biology's New Dimension".[43] At present, the practice of cell culture remains based on varying combinations of single or multiple cell structures in 2D.[44] Currently, there is an increase in use of 3D cell cultures in research areas including drug discovery, cancer biology, regenerative medicine and basic life science research.[45] 3D cell cultures can be grown using a scaffold or matrix, or in a scaffold-free manner. Scaffold based cultures utilize an acellular 3D matrix or a liquid matrix. Scaffold-free methods are normally generated in suspensions.[46] There are a variety of platforms used to facilitate the growth of three-dimensional cellular structures including scaffold systems such as hydrogel matrices[47] and solid scaffolds, and scaffold-free systems such as low-adhesion plates, nanoparticle facilitated magnetic levitation,[48] and hanging drop plates.[49]3D cell culture in scaffolds

Eric Simon, in a 1988 NIH SBIR grant report, showed that electrospinning could be used to produced nano- and submicron-scale polystyrene and polycarbonate fibrous scaffolds specifically intended for use as in vitro cell substrates. This early use of electrospun fibrous lattices for cell culture and tissue engineering showed that various cell types including Human Foreskin Fibroblasts (HFF), transformed Human Carcinoma (HEp-2), and Mink Lung Epithelium (MLE) would adhere to and proliferate upon polycarbonate fibers. It was noted that, as opposed to the flattened morphology typically seen in 2D culture, cells grown on the electrospun fibers exhibited a more histotypic rounded 3-dimensional morphology generally observed in vivo.[50]

3D cell culture in hydrogels

As the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) is important in the survival, proliferation, differentiation and migration of cells, different hydrogel culture matrices mimicking natural ECM structure are seen as potential approaches to in vivo –like cell culturing.[51] Hydrogels are composed of interconnected pores with high water retention, which enables efficient transport of substances such as nutrients and gases. Several different types of hydrogels from natural and synthetic materials are available for 3D cell culture, including animal ECM extract hydrogels, protein hydrogels, peptide hydrogels, polymer hydrogels, and wood-based nanocellulose hydrogel.

3D Cell Culturing by Magnetic Levitation

The 3D Cell Culturing by Magnetic Levitation method (MLM) is the application of growing 3D tissue by inducing cells treated with magnetic nanoparticle assemblies in spatially varying magnetic fields using neodymium magnetic drivers and promoting cell to cell interactions by levitating the cells up to the air/liquid interface of a standard petri dish. The magnetic nanoparticle assemblies consist of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, and the polymer polylysine. 3D cell culturing is scalable, with the capability for culturing 500 cells to millions of cells or from single dish to high-throughput low volume systems.

Tissue culture and engineering

Cell culture is a fundamental component of tissue culture and tissue engineering, as it establishes the basics of growing and maintaining cells in vitro.

The major application of human cell culture is in stem cell industry, where mesenchymal stem cells can be cultured and cryopreserved for future use. Tissue engineering potentially offers dramatic improvements in low cost medical care for hundreds of thousands of patients annually.

Vaccines

Vaccines for polio, measles, mumps, rubella, and chickenpox are currently made in cell cultures. Due to the H5N1 pandemic threat, research into using cell culture for influenza vaccines is being funded by the United States government. Novel ideas in the field include recombinant DNA-based vaccines, such as one made using human adenovirus (a common cold virus) as a vector,[52][53]

and novel adjuvants.[54]

Culture of non-mammalian cells

Besides the culture of well-established immortalised cell lines, cells from primary explants of a plethora of organisms can be cultured for a limited period of time before sensecence occurs (see Hayflick's limit). Cultured primary cells have been extensively used in research, as is the case of fish keratocytes in cell migration studies.[55][27][56]

Plant cell culture methods

{{main|Plant tissue culture}}{{see also|Tobacco BY-2 cells}}

Plant cell cultures are typically grown as cell suspension cultures in a liquid medium or as callus cultures on a solid medium. The culturing of undifferentiated plant cells and calli requires the proper balance of the plant growth hormones auxin and cytokinin.

Insect cell culture

Cells derived from Drosophila melanogaster (most prominently, Schneider 2 cells) can be used for experiments which may be hard to do on live flies or larvae, such as biochemical studies or studies using siRNA. Cell lines derived from the army worm Spodoptera frugiperda, including Sf9 and Sf21, and from the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni, High Five cells, are commonly used for expression of recombinant proteins using baculovirus.

Bacterial and yeast culture methods

{{main|Microbiological culture}}

For bacteria and yeasts, small quantities of cells are usually grown on a solid support that contains nutrients embedded in it, usually a gel such as agar, while large-scale cultures are grown with the cells suspended in a nutrient broth.

Viral culture methods

{{main|Viral culture}}

The culture of viruses requires the culture of cells of mammalian, plant, fungal or bacterial origin as hosts for the growth and replication of the virus. Whole wild type viruses, recombinant viruses or viral products may be generated in cell types other than their natural hosts under the right conditions. Depending on the species of the virus, infection and viral replication may result in host cell lysis and formation of a viral plaque.

Common cell lines

Human cell lines
  • DU145 (prostate cancer)
  • H295R (adrenocortical cancer)
  • HeLa (cervical cancer)
  • KBM-7 (chronic myelogenous leukemia)
  • LNCaP (prostate cancer)
  • MCF-7 (breast cancer)
  • MDA-MB-468 (breast cancer)
  • PC3 (prostate cancer)
  • SaOS-2 (bone cancer)
  • SH-SY5Y (neuroblastoma, cloned from a myeloma)
  • T-47D (breast cancer)
  • THP-1 (acute myeloid leukemia)
  • U87 (glioblastoma)
  • National Cancer Institute's 60 cancer cell line panel (NCI60)
//Primate">Primate cell lines
  • Vero (African green monkey Chlorocebus kidney epithelial cell line)
//Mouse">Mouse cell lines
  • MC3T3 (embryonic calvarium)
//Rat">Rat tumor cell lines
  • GH3 (pituitary tumor)
  • PC12 (pheochromocytoma)
Plant cell lines
  • Tobacco BY-2 cells (kept as cell suspension culture, they are model system of plant cell)
Other species cell lines
  • Dog MDCK kidney epithelial
  • Xenopus A6 kidney epithelial
  • Zebrafish AB9

List of cell lines

{{Expand list|date=July 2011}}
Cell line Meaning Organism Origin tissue Morphology Links
3T3-L1 "3-day transfer, inoculum 3 x 10^5 cells" Mouse Embryo Fibroblast ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0123 Cellosaurus]
4T1 Mouse Mammary gland ATCC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0125 Cellosaurus]
9L Rat Brain Glioblastoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_1928 Cellosaurus]
A172 Human Brain Glioblastoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0131 Cellosaurus]
A20 Mouse B lymphoma B lymphocyte [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_1940 Cellosaurus]
A253 Human Submandibular duct Head and neck carcinoma ATCC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_1060 Cellosaurus]
A2780 Human Ovary Ovarian carcinoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0134 Cellosaurus]
A2780ADR Human Ovary Adriamycin-resistant derivative of A2780 ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_1941 Cellosaurus]
A2780cis Human Ovary Cisplatin-resistant derivative of A2780 ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_1942 Cellosaurus]
A431 Human Skin epithelium Squamous cell carcinoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0037 Cellosaurus]
A549 Human Lung Lung carcinoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0023 Cellosaurus]
AB9 Zebrafish Fin Fibroblast ATCC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_6311 Cellosaurus]
AHL-1 Armenian Hamster Lung-1 Hamster Lung ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_4611 Cellosaurus]
ALC Mouse Bone marrow Stroma 2435412}}[57] [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0E84 Cellosaurus]
B16 Mouse Melanoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_F936 Cellosaurus]
B35 Rat Neuroblastoma ATCC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_1951 Cellosaurus]
BCP-1 Human PBMC HIV+ primary effusion lymphoma ATCC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0107 Cellosaurus]
BEAS-2B Bronchial epithelium + Adenovirus 12-SV40 virus hybrid (Ad12SV40) Human Lung Epithelial ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0168 Cellosaurus]
bEnd.3 Brain Endothelial 3 Mouse Brain/cerebral cortex Endothelium [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0170 Cellosaurus]
BHK-21 Baby Hamster Kidney-21 Hamster Kidney Fibroblast ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_1915 Cellosaurus]
BOSC23 Packaging cell line derived from HEK 293 Human Kidney (embryonic) Epithelium [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_4401 Cellosaurus]
BT-20 Breast Tumor-20 Human Breast epithelium Breast carcinoma [https://www.atcc.org/products/all/HTB-19.aspx ATCC] Cellosaurus
BxPC-3 Biopsy xenograft of Pancreatic Carcinoma line 3 Human Pancreatic adenocarcinoma Epithelial ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0186 Cellosaurus]
C2C12 Mouse Myoblast ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0188 Cellosaurus]
C3H-10T1/2 Mouse Embryonic mesenchymal cell line ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0190 Cellosaurus]
C6 Rat Brain astrocyte Glioma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0194 Cellosaurus]
C6/36 Insect - Asian tiger mosquito Larval tissue ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_Z230 Cellosaurus]
Caco-2 Human Colon Colorectal carcinoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0025 Cellosaurus]
Cal-27 Human Tongue Squamous cell carcinoma ATCC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_1107 Cellosaurus]
Calu-3 Human Lung Adenocarcinoma ATCC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0609 Cellosaurus]
CGR8 Mouse Embryonic stem cells ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_3987 Cellosaurus]
CHO Chinese Hamster Ovary Hamster Ovary Epithelium ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cgi-bin/cellosaurus/search?input=CHO Cellosaurus]
CML T1 Chronic myeloid leukemia T lymphocyte 1 Human CML acute phase T cell leukemia DSMZ [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_1126 Cellosaurus]
CMT12 Canine Mammary Tumor 12 Dog Mammary gland Epithelium [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_L329 Cellosaurus]
COR-L23 Human Lung Lung carcinoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_1139 Cellosaurus]
COR-L23/5010 Human Lung Lung carcinoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2006 Cellosaurus]
COR-L23/CPR Human Lung Lung carcinoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2007 Cellosaurus]
COR-L23/R23- Human Lung Lung carcinoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2009 Cellosaurus]
COS-7 Cercopithecus aethiops, origin-defective SV-40 Old World monkey - Cercopithecus aethiops (Chlorocebus) Kidney Fibroblast ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0224 Cellosaurus]
COV-434 Human Ovary Ovarian granulosa cell carcinoma 8436435}}[58] ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2010 Cellosaurus]
CT26 Mouse Colon Colorectal carcinoma [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_7254 Cellosaurus]
D17 Dog Lung metastasis Osteosarcoma ATCC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_1916 Cellosaurus]
DAOY Human Brain Medulloblastoma [https://www.atcc.org/Products/All/HTB-186.aspx ATCC] [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_1167 Cellosaurus]
DH82 Dog Histiocytosis Monocyte/macrophage ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2018 Cellosaurus]
DU145 Human Androgen insensitive prostate carcinoma ATCC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0105 Cellosaurus]
DuCaP Dura mater cancer of the Prostate Human Metastatic prostate carcinoma Epithelial 11317521}}[59] [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2025 Cellosaurus]
E14Tg2a Mouse Embryonic stem cells ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_9108 Cellosaurus]
EL4 Mouse T cell leukemia ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0255 Cellosaurus]
EM-2 Human CML blast crisis Ph+ CML line DSMZ [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_1196 Cellosaurus]
EM-3 Human CML blast crisis Ph+ CML line DSMZ [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2033 Cellosaurus]
EMT6/AR1 Mouse Mammary gland Epithelial-like ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_1924 Cellosaurus]
EMT6/AR10.0 Mouse Mammary gland Epithelial-like ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_1925 Cellosaurus]
FM3 Human Lymph node metastasis Melanoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2046 Cellosaurus]
GL261 Glioma 261 Mouse Brain Glioma [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_Y003 Cellosaurus]
H1299 Human Lung Lung carcinoma ATCC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0060 Cellosaurus]
HaCaT Human Skin Keratinocyte CLS [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0038 Cellosaurus]
HCA2 Human Colon Adenocarcinoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2056 Cellosaurus]
HEK 293 Human Embryonic Kidney 293 Human Kidney (embryonic) Epithelium ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0045 Cellosaurus]
HEK 293T HEK 293 derivative Human Kidney (embryonic) Epithelium ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0063 Cellosaurus]
HeLa "Henrietta Lacks" Human Cervix epithelium Cervical carcinoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0030 Cellosaurus]
Hepa1c1c7 Clone 7 of clone 1 hepatoma line 1 Mouse Hepatoma Epithelial ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0328 Cellosaurus]
Hep G2 Human Liver Hepatoblastoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0027 Cellosaurus]
High Five Insect (moth) - Trichoplusia ni Ovary [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_C190 Cellosaurus]
HL-60 Human Leukemia-60 Human Blood Myeloblast ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0002 Cellosaurus]
HT-1080 Human Fibrosarcoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0317 Cellosaurus]
HT-29 Human Colon epithelium Adenocarcinoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0320 Cellosaurus]
J558L Mouse Myeloma B lymphocyte cell ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_3949 Cellosaurus]
Jurkat Human White blood cells T cell leukemia ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0065 Cellosaurus]
JY Human Lymphoblastoid EBV-transformed B cell ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0108 Cellosaurus]
K562 Human Lymphoblastoid CML blast crisis ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0004 Cellosaurus]
KBM-7 Human Lymphoblastoid CML blast crisis [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_A426 Cellosaurus]
KCL-22 Human Lymphoblastoid CML DSMZ [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2091 Cellosaurus]
KG1 Human Lymphoblastoid AML ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0374 Cellosaurus]
Ku812 Human Lymphoblastoid Erythroleukemia ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0379 Cellosaurus]
KYO-1 Kyoto-1 Human Lymphoblastoid CML DSMZ [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2095 Cellosaurus]
L1210 Mouse Lymphocytic leukemia Ascitic fluid ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0382 Cellosaurus]
L243 Mouse Hybridoma Secretes L243 mAb (against HLA-DR) ATCC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_4533 Cellosaurus]
LNCaP Lymph Node Cancer of the Prostate Human Prostatic adenocarcinoma Epithelial ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0395 Cellosaurus]
MA-104 Microbiological Associates-104 African Green Monkey Kidney Epithelial [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_3845 Cellosaurus]
MA2.1 Mouse Hybridoma Secretes MA2.1 mAb (against HLA-A2 and HLA-B17) ATCC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_L672 Cellosaurus]
Ma-Mel 1, 2, 3....48 Human Skin A range of melanoma cell lines ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cgi-bin/cellosaurus/search?input=Ma-mel Cellosaurus]
MC-38 Mouse Colon-38 Mouse Colon Adenocarcinoma [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_B288 Cellosaurus]
MCF-7 Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 Human Breast Invasive breast ductal carcinoma ER+, PR+ ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0031 Cellosaurus]
MCF-10A Michigan Cancer Foundation-10A Human Breast epithelium ATCC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0598 Cellosaurus]
MDA-MB-157 M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast-157 Human Pleural effusion metastasis Breast carcinoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0618 Cellosaurus]
MDA-MB-231 M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast-231 Human Pleural effusion metastasis Breast carcinoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0062 Cellosaurus]
MDA-MB-361 M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast-361 Human Melanoma (contaminated by M14) ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0620 Cellosaurus]
MDA-MB-468 M.D. Anderson - Metastatic Breast-468 Human Pleural effusion metastasis Breast carcinoma [https://www.atcc.org/products/all/HTB-132.aspx ATCC] Cellosaurus
MDCK II Madin Darby Canine Kidney II Dog Kidney Epithelium ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0424 Cellosaurus]
MG63 Human Bone Osteosarcoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0426 Cellosaurus]
MIA PaCa-2 Human Prostate Pancreatic Carcinoma [https://www.atcc.org/Products/All/CRL-1420.aspx ATCC] [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0428 Cellosaurus]
MOR/0.2R Human Lung Lung carcinoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2126 Cellosaurus]
Mono-Mac-6 Human White blood cells Myeloid metaplasic AML [https://www.dsmz.de/catalogues/details/culture/ACC-124.html DSMZ] Cellosaurus
MRC-5 Medical Research Council cell strain 5 Human Lung (fetal) Fibroblast ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0440 Cellosaurus]
MTD-1A Mouse Epithelium [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_EG11 Cellosaurus]
MyEnd Myocardial Endothelial Mouse Endothelium [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2131 Cellosaurus]
NCI-H69 Human Lung Lung carcinoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_1579 Cellosaurus]
NCI-H69/CPR Human Lung Lung carcinoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2137 Cellosaurus]
NCI-H69/LX10 Human Lung Lung carcinoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2138 Cellosaurus]
NCI-H69/LX20 Human Lung Lung carcinoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2139 Cellosaurus]
NCI-H69/LX4 Human Lung Lung carcinoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2140 Cellosaurus]
Neuro-2a Mouse Nerve/neuroblastoma Neuronal stem cells ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0470 Cellosaurus]
NIH-3T3 NIH, 3-day transfer, inoculum 3 x 105 cells Mouse Embryo Fibroblast ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0594 Cellosaurus]
NALM-1 Human Peripheral blood Blast-crisis CML ATCC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0091 Cellosaurus]
Neuro2a Mouse Nerve/neuroblastoma Neuronal stem cells [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0470 Cellosaurus]
NK-92 Human Leukemia/lymphoma ATCC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2142 Cellosaurus]
NTERA-2 Human Lung metastasis Embryonal carcinoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_3407 Cellosaurus]
NW-145 Human Skin Melanoma ESTDAB [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2148 Cellosaurus]
OK Opossum Kidney Virginia opossum - Didelphis virginiana Kidney ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0472 Cellosaurus]
OPCN / OPCT cell lines Human Prostate Range of prostate tumour lines [https://web.expasy.org/cgi-bin/cellosaurus/search?input=CLPUB00242 Cellosaurus]
P3X63Ag8 Mouse Myeloma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_3411 Cellosaurus]
PANC-1 Human Duct Epithelioid Carcinoma [https://www.atcc.org/Products/All/CRL-1469.aspx ATCC] [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0480 Cellosaurus]
PC12 Rat Adrenal medulla Pheochromocytoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0481 Cellosaurus]
PC-3 Prostate Cancer-3 Human Bone metastasis Prostate carcinoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0035 Cellosaurus]
Peer Human T cell leukemia DSMZ [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_1913 Cellosaurus]
PNT1A Human Prostate SV40-transformed tumour line ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2163 Cellosaurus]
PNT2 Human Prostate SV40-transformed tumour line ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2164 Cellosaurus]
Pt K2 The second cell line derived from Potorous tridactylis Long-nosed potoroo - Potorous tridactylus Kidney Epithelial ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0514 Cellosaurus]
Raji Human B lymphoma Lymphoblast-like ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0511 Cellosaurus]
RBL-1 Rat Basophilic Leukemia-1 Rat Leukemia Basophil cell ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0496 Cellosaurus]
RenCa Renal Carcinoma Mouse Kidney Renal carcinoma ATCC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2174 Cellosaurus]
RIN-5F Mouse Pancreas ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2177 Cellosaurus]
RMA-S Mouse T cell tumour [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2180 Cellosaurus]
S2 Schneider 2 Insect - Drosophila melanogaster Late stage (20–24 hours old) embryos [https://www.atcc.org/products/all/CRL-1963.aspx ATCC] Cellosaurus
SaOS-2 Sarcoma OSteogenic-2 Human Bone Osteosarcoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0548 Cellosaurus]
Sf21 Spodoptera frugiperda 21 Insect (moth) - Spodoptera frugiperda Ovary ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0518 Cellosaurus]
Sf9 Spodoptera frugiperda 9 Insect (moth) - Spodoptera frugiperda Ovary ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0549 Cellosaurus]
SH-SY5Y Human Bone marrow metastasis Neuroblastoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0019 Cellosaurus]
SiHa Human Cervix epithelium Cervical carcinoma ATCC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0032 Cellosaurus]
SK-BR-3 Sloan-Kettering Breast cancer 3 Human Breast Breast carcinoma [https://www.dsmz.de/catalogues/details/culture/ACC-736.html DSMZ] Cellosaurus
SK-OV-3 Sloan-Kettering Ovarian cancer 3 Human Ovary Ovarian carcinoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0532 Cellosaurus]
SK-N-SH Human Brain Epithelial [https://www.atcc.org/Products/All/HTB-11.aspx ATCC] [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0531 Cellosaurus]
T2 Human T cell leukemia/B cell line hybridoma ATCC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2211 Cellosaurus]
T-47D Human Breast Breast ductal carcinoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0553 Cellosaurus]
T84 Human Lung metastasis Colorectal carcinoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0555 Cellosaurus]
T98G Human Glioblastoma-astrocytoma Epithelium ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0556 Cellosaurus]
THP-1 Human Monocyte Acute monocytic leukemia ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0006 Cellosaurus]
U2OS Human Osteosarcoma Epithelial ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0042 Cellosaurus]
U373 Human Glioblastoma-astrocytoma Epithelium ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2219 Cellosaurus]
U87 Human Glioblastoma-astrocytoma Epithelial-like ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0022 Cellosaurus]
U937 Human Leukemic monocytic lymphoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0007 Cellosaurus]
VCaP Vertebral Cancer of the Prostate Human Vertebra metastasis Prostate carcinoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2235 Cellosaurus]
Vero Vero (truth) African green monkey - Chlorocebus sabaeus Kidney epithelium ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0059 Cellosaurus]
VG-1 Human Primary effusion lymphoma [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_0106 Cellosaurus]
WM39 Human Skin Melanoma ESTDAB [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2240 Cellosaurus]
WT-49 Human Lymphoblastoid ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2242 Cellosaurus]
YAC-1 Mouse Lymphoma ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2244 Cellosaurus]
YAR Human Lymphoblastoid EBV-transformed B cell [https://web.archive.org/web/20080920120901/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T3B-3VWP1CN-2&_user=2471587&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2471587&md5=93582a8dcb31e96760f4b9a618936c92 Human Immunology][60] ECACC [https://web.expasy.org/cellosaurus/CVCL_2192 Cellosaurus]

See also

  • Biological immortality
  • Cell culture assays
  • Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing
  • List of contaminated cell lines
  • List of NCI-60 Cell Lines
  • List of breast cancer cell lines

References and notes

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47. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Bhattacharya M, Malinen MM, Lauren P, Lou YR, Kuisma SW, Kanninen L, Lille M, Corlu A, GuGuen-Guillouzo C, Ikkala O, Laukkanen A, Urtti A, Yliperttula M | title = Nanofibrillar cellulose hydrogel promotes three-dimensional liver cell culture | journal = Journal of Controlled Release | volume = 164 | issue = 3 | pages = 291–8 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22776290 | doi = 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.06.039 }}
48. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = DeRosa MC, Monreal C, Schnitzer M, Walsh R, Sultan Y | title = Nanotechnology in fertilizers | journal = Nature Nanotechnology | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | pages = 91 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 20130583 | doi = 10.1038/nnano.2010.2 }}
49. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Hsiao AY, Tung YC, Qu X, Patel LR, Pienta KJ, Takayama S | title = 384 hanging drop arrays give excellent Z-factors and allow versatile formation of co-culture spheroids | journal = Biotechnology and Bioengineering | volume = 109 | issue = 5 | pages = 1293–304 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22161651 | pmc = 3306496 | doi = 10.1002/bit.24399 }}
50. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317053872|title=NIH Phase I Final Report: Fibrous Substrates for Cell Culture (R3RR03544A) (PDF Download Available)|last=Simon|first=Eric M. | name-list-format = vanc | date = 1988 | website=ResearchGate|access-date=2017-05-22}}
51. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Tibbitt MW, Anseth KS | title = Hydrogels as extracellular matrix mimics for 3D cell culture | journal = Biotechnology and Bioengineering | volume = 103 | issue = 4 | pages = 655–63 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19472329 | pmc = 2997742 | doi = 10.1002/bit.22361 }}
52. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/news/wireservice/0,70102-0.html?tw=wn_index_7 |publisher=Wired.com|title=Quickie Bird Flu Vaccine Created|date=2006-01-26|author=Reuters|work=Wired|accessdate=2010-01-31}}
53. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Gao W, Soloff AC, Lu X, Montecalvo A, Nguyen DC, Matsuoka Y, Robbins PD, Swayne DE, Donis RO, Katz JM, Barratt-Boyes SM, Gambotto A | title = Protection of mice and poultry from lethal H5N1 avian influenza virus through adenovirus-based immunization | journal = Journal of Virology | volume = 80 | issue = 4 | pages = 1959–64 | date = February 2006 | pmid = 16439551 | pmc = 1367171 | doi = 10.1128/JVI.80.4.1959-1964.2006 }}
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55. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Rapanan JL, Cooper KE, Leyva KJ, Hull EE | title = Collective cell migration of primary zebrafish keratocytes | journal = Experimental Cell Research | volume = 326 | issue = 1 | pages = 155–65 | date = August 2014 | pmid = 24973510 | doi = 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.06.011 }}
56. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee J, Jacobson K | title = The composition and dynamics of cell-substratum adhesions in locomoting fish keratocytes | journal = Journal of Cell Science | volume = 110 ( Pt 22) | pages = 2833–44 | date = November 1997 | pmid = 9427291 }}
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59. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee YG, Korenchuk S, Lehr J, Whitney S, Vessela R, Pienta KJ | title = Establishment and characterization of a new human prostatic cancer cell line: DuCaP | journal = In Vivo | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 157–62 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11317521 }}
60. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ou D, Mitchell LA, Décarie D, Tingle AJ, Nepom GT | title = Promiscuous T-cell recognition of a rubella capsid protein epitope restricted by DRB1*0403 and DRB1*0901 molecules sharing an HLA DR supertype | journal = Human Immunology | volume = 59 | issue = 3 | pages = 149–57 | date = March 1998 | pmid = 9548074 | doi = 10.1016/S0198-8859(98)00006-8 }}

Further reading

{{refbegin}}
  • {{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nprot.2006.215 |title=Neural Stem Cell Culture: Neurosphere generation, microscopical analysis and cryopreservation |year=2006 |last1=Pacey |first1=Laura |last2=Stead |first2=Shelley |last3=Gleave |first3=Jacqueline |last4=Tomczyk |first4=Kasia |last5=Doering |first5=Laurie | name-list-format = vanc |journal=Protocol Exchange}}
  • {{cite journal |doi=10.1038/nprot.2006.294 |title=Rat Chromaffin cells primary cultures: Standardization and quality assessment for single-cell assays |year=2006 |last1=Gilabert |first1=Juan A. |last2=Montalvo |first2=Gema B. |last3=Artalejo |first3=Antonio R. | name-list-format = vanc |journal=Protocol Exchange}}
  • {{cite journal |doi=10.4067/S0717-95022015000200059 |title=Sergey Fedoroff: A Pioneer of the Neuronal Regeneration. Tribute from the Pan American Association of Anatomy |year=2015 |last1=Losardo |first1=Ricardo J. |last2=Cruz-Gutiérrez |first2=Rolando |last3=Prates |first3=José C. |last4=Moscovici |first4=Mauricio |last5=Rodríguez-Torres |first5=Alberto |last6=Arteaga-Martinez |first6=Manuel | name-list-format = vanc |journal= International Journal of Morphology|volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=794 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = MacLeod RA, Dirks WG, Matsuo Y, Kaufmann M, Milch H, Drexler HG | title = Widespread intraspecies cross-contamination of human tumor cell lines arising at source | journal = International Journal of Cancer | volume = 83 | issue = 4 | pages = 555–63 | date = November 1999 | pmid = 10508494 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19991112)83:4<555::AID-IJC19>3.0.CO;2-2 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Masters JR | title = HeLa cells 50 years on: the good, the bad and the ugly | journal = Nature Reviews. Cancer | volume = 2 | issue = 4 | pages = 315–9 | date = April 2002 | pmid = 12001993 | doi = 10.1038/nrc775 }}
  • {{cite journal | vauthors = Witkowski JA | title = Experimental pathology and the origins of tissue culture: Leo Loeb's contribution | journal = Medical History | volume = 27 | issue = 3 | pages = 269–88 | date = July 1983 | pmid = 6353093 | pmc = 1139336 | doi = 10.1017/S0025727300042964 }}
{{refend}}

External links

{{Library resources box
|onlinebooks=no
|by=no
|lcheading=Cell culture}}
  • [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mboc4.table.1515 Table of common cell lines from Alberts 4th ed.]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20090708143546/http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/C/CancerCellsInCulture.html Cancer Cells in Culture]
  • Evolution of Cell Culture Surfaces
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20100116184727/http://bioinformatics.istge.it/hypercldb/ Hypertext version of the Cell Line Data Base]
  • Microcarrier Cell Culture Handbook by GE Healthcare Life Sciences
  • Cell Culture Applications - Resources including application notes and protocols to create an ideal environment for growing cells, right from the start.
  • Cell Culture Basics - Introduction to cell culture, covering topics such as laboratory set-up, safety and aseptic technique including basic cell culture protocols and video training
  • Database of Who's Who in Cell Culture and Related Research
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20030830095140/http://ccr.coriell.org/ Coriell Cell Repositories]
  • Strategies for Protein Purification Handbook
  • An Introduction To Cell Culture. This webinar introduces the history, theory, basic techniques, and potential pit-falls of mammalian cell culture.
  • The National Centre for Cell Science (NCCS), Pune, India; national repository for cell lines/hybridomas etc.
  • Public Health England, Public Health England Culture Collections (ECACC)
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