“Central Kalapuya language”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Central Kalapuya language

释义

Phonology
Consonants Vowels
References
External links

{{Infobox language
|name=Central Kalapuya
|region=Northwest Oregon
|extinct=c. 1954
|ref=e18
|speakers2=with the death of John B. Hudson^[1]
|familycolor=American
|fam1=Kalapuyan
|iso3=kyl
|glotto=kala1400
|glottorefname=Central Kalapuya
}}

Central Kalapuyan, was a Kalapuyan language indigenous to the central and southern Willamette Valley in Oregon in the United States. It was spoken by various bands of the Kalapuya peoples who inhabited the valley up through the middle of the 19th century. The language is closely related to Northern Kalapuya, spoken in the Tualatin and Yamhill valleys. Dialects of Central Kalapuya that have been identified include:

Ahantchuyuk dialect, spoken in the northeastern Willamette Valley along the Pudding and Molalla rivers
Santiam dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along the lower Santiam River
Luckiamute dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along the Luckiamute River
Chepenafa dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along Marys River
Chemapho dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along Muddy Creek
Chelamela dialect, spoken in the southwestern Willamette Valley along the Long Tom River
Tsankupi dialect, spoken in the southeastern Willamette Valley along the Calapooia River
Winefelly-Mohawk dialects, spoken in the southeastern Willamette Valley along the McKenzie, Mohawk, and Coast Fork Willamette rivers

Phonology

The phonology of the Santiam dialect, as described by Jacobs (1945) and analyzed by Banks (2007), is listed below.^[2]^[3] Banks notes that Jacobs' analysis does not rigorously account for allophonic variation, and that, according to Jacobs, there may have been some interchangeability between the velar and uvular series.^[3]

Consonants

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar		Uvular		Glottal
		Bilabial	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Plain	Lab.	Plain	Lab.	Plain	Lab.
Stop	plain	p	t	k	kʷ	q	qʷ	ʔ
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ	kʰ	kʷʰ	qʰ	qʷʰ
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ	kʼ	kʷʼ	qʼ	qʷʼ
Affricate	plain	ts	tʃ
	aspirated	tsʰ	tʃʰ
	ejective	tsʼ	tʃʼ
Nasal		m	n	ŋ
Fricative		ɸ	s	ɬ	ʃ	x	χ	h	hʷ
Approximant		l	j	w

The nasals [m] and [n] likely had syllabic forms: [m̩] and [n̩]. Jacobs possibly notes that the plosives are also voiced allophones, as /b/, /d/, /ɡ/, /ɡʷ/, /ɢ/, and /ɢʷ/. Banks also notes that /h/, /hʷ/, /dz/, /dʒ/, and /ɸʷ/ may have been allophones.^[3]

Vowels

Front	Central	Back
Close	i	u
Open-Mid	æ~ɛ	ɔ
Open	a

Santiam Kalapuya had three diphthongs: [ai], [au], and [ui]. Vowel length may have been phonemic, /ɔ/ may have been an allophone of /u/.^[3]

References

1. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=glU0vte5gSkC&pg=PA1148]
2. ^{{cite book|last1=Jacobs|first1=Melville|title=Kalapuya Texts|date=1945|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle}}
3. ^¹²³{{cite journal|last1=Banks|first1=Jonathan|title=The Verbal Morphology of Santiam Kalapuya|journal=Northwest Journal of Linguistics|date=2007|volume=1|issue=2|pages=1-98|url=https://www.sfu.ca/nwjl/Articles/V001_N02/Banks.html|accessdate=1 January 2016}}

External links

[https://www.sfu.ca/nwjl/Articles/V001_N02/Banks.html The Verbal Morphology of Santiam Kalapuya] (Northwest Journal of Linguistics)

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