| 词条 | Erdene Zuu Monastery | ||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name =Erdene Zuu Monastery Эрдэнэ Зуу хийд ལྷུན་གྲུབ་བདེ་ཆེན་གླིང་ 光顯寺 |image = Świątynia Zachodnia w klasztorze Erdene Dzuu 01.jpg |image size = |alt = |caption =Erdene Zuu Monastery |map_type = Mongolia |coordinates = {{coord|47|12|06|N|102|50|36|E|type:landmark_region:MN|display=inline,title}} |map_caption = Location within Mongolia |country = Mongolia |location= Near Kharkhorin, Övörkhangai Province, Mongolia |founded_by = Abtai Sain Khan |year_completed =1585 |date_renovated = |sect =Sakya |lineage= |dedicated_to = |head_lama = |colleges= |no._of_monks = |architecture = |festivals= |footnotes = }} The Erdene Zuu Monastery ({{lang-mn|Эрдэнэ Зуу хийд }}, Chinese:光顯寺, Tibetan:ལྷུན་གྲུབ་བདེ་ཆེན་གླིང་) is probably the earliest surviving Buddhist monastery in Mongolia. Located in Övörkhangai Province, approximately 2 km north-east from the center of Kharkhorin and adjacent to the ancient city of Karakorum, it is part of the Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape World Heritage Site.[1]The monastery is affiliated with the Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism.[2] Abtai Sain Khan, ruler of the Khalkha Mongols and grandfather of Zanabazar, the first Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, ordered construction of the Erdene Zuu monastery in 1585 after his meeting with the 3rd Dalai Lama and the declaration of Tibetan Buddhism as the state religion of Mongolia.[3] Stones from the nearby ruins of the ancient Mongol capital of Karakorum were used in its construction.[4] Planners attempted to create a surrounding wall that resembled a Tibetan Buddhist rosary featuring 108 stupas (108 being a sacred number in Buddhism),[5] but this objective was probably never achieved.[6] The monastery's temple walls were painted, and the Chinese-style roof covered with green tiles. The monastery was damaged in 1688 during one of the many wars between Dzungars and Khalkha Mongols. Locals dismantled the wooden fortifications of the abandoned monastery.[7] It was rebuilt in the 18th century and by 1872 had a full 62 temples and housed up to 1000 monks. According to tradition, in 1745 a local Buddhist disciple named Bunia made several unsuccessful attempts to fly with a device he invented similar to parachute.[7] In 1939 the Communist leader Khorloogiin Choibalsan ordered the monastery destroyed, as part of a purge[8] that obliterated hundreds of monasteries in Mongolia and killed over ten thousand monks.[9][10] Three small temples and the external wall with the stupas survived the initial onslaught and by 1944 Joseph Stalin pressured Choibalsan to maintain the monastery (along with Gandantegchinlen Monastery in Ulaanbaatar) as a showpiece for international visitors, such as U.S. Vice President Henry Wallace, to prove that the communist regime allowed freedom of religion.[11] In 1947 the temples were converted into museums and for the four decades that followed Gandantegchinlen Khiid Monastery became Mongolia's only functioning monastery. After the fall of Communism in Mongolia in 1990, the monastery was turned over to the lamas and Erdene Zuu again became a place of worship. Today Erdene Zuu remains an active Buddhist monastery as well as a museum that is open to tourists. On a hill outside the monastery sits a stone phallus called Kharkhorin Rock. The phallus is said to restrain the sexual impulses of the monks and ensure their good behavior.[12] GalleryReferences1. ^{{cite web|title=Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1081|accessdate=12 March 2013}} 2. ^{{Cite book|url=http://www.wytsg.org:88/reslib/400/070/050/010/090/040/100/fjsh_32.htm|title=佛教史|last=Ye|first=Luhua|last2=Ren|first2=Jiyu|publisher=江苏人民出版社|year=2006|isbn=9787214041364|location=Nanjing|pages=}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.culture.mn/mongolia.php?recordID=erdene-zuu-monastery |title=Erdene Zuu Monastery |accessdate=2007-03-12 |publisher=Culture Mongolia |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406072633/http://www.culture.mn/mongolia.php?recordID=erdene-zuu-monastery |archivedate=2007-04-06 |df= }} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.culture.mn/mongolia.php?recordID=karakorum |title=Karakorum |accessdate=2007-03-12 |publisher=Culture Mongolia |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406064238/http://www.culture.mn/mongolia.php?recordID=karakorum |archivedate=2007-04-06 |df= }} 5. ^{{cite web| last=Snipe| first=Lynn "Jnana" |url=http://www.urbandharma.org/udharma7/numbers.html |title= Buddhism in the Numbers |accessdate=2007-03-12 |publisher=Urban Dharma}} 6. ^Niels Gutschow, Andreas Brandt, Die Baugeschichte der Klosteranlage von Erdeni Joo (Erdenezuu), in Claudius Müller (ed.), Dschingis Khan und seine Erben, Bonn 2005, p.353 7. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.wondermondo.com/Countries/As/Mongolia/Ovorkhangai/ErdeneZuu.htm|title=Erdene Zuu monastery|publisher=Wondermondo}} 8. ^http://www.ciaonet.org/atlas/countries/mn_data_loc.html#a6 9. ^{{cite news|title=Dalai Lama's visit shines spotlight on Mongolia's explosion of faiths |url=http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=22521&sec=52&con=23 |publisher=USA Todays.com |date=2006-08-24 |accessdate=2007-03-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235603/http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=22521&sec=52&con=23 |archivedate=2007-09-27 |df= }} 10. ^{{cite web|title=Terror Years |url=http://www.mongoliatoday.com/issue/6/terror.html |work=Issue 6 |publisher=Mongolia Today |accessdate=2007-03-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607003529/http://www.mongoliatoday.com/issue/6/terror.html |archivedate=2007-06-07 |df= }} 11. ^{{cite journal |url=http://www.globalbuddhism.org/4/kollmar-paulenz03.htm |title=Buddhism in Mongolia After 1990 |accessdate=2007-03-12 |last=Kollmar-Paulenz |first=Karénina |journal=Journal of Global Buddhism |year=2003 |volume=4 |pages=18–34 |issn=1527-6457 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070531161015/http://www.globalbuddhism.org/4/kollmar-paulenz03.htm#twentytwo |archivedate=2007-05-31 |df= }} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.legendtour.ru/eng/mongolia/regions/kharakhorum.shtml |title=Kharakhorum (Karakorum) |accessdate=2007-03-12 |work=Sights of Interest in Mongolia |publisher=Legend Tour |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604140629/http://www.legendtour.ru/eng/mongolia/regions/kharakhorum.shtml |archivedate=June 4, 2008 }} External links{{Commons category|Erdene Zuu Monastery}}
5 : Tibetan Buddhist temples|Buddhist monasteries in Mongolia|1585 establishments in Asia|Religious organizations established in the 1580s|Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia |
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