| 词条 | Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil | |||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil (Squirrel), now Airbus Helicopters H125, is a single-engine light utility helicopter originally designed and manufactured in France by Aérospatiale and Eurocopter (now Airbus Helicopters). In North America, the AS350 is marketed as the AStar. The AS355 Ecureuil 2 is a twin-engine variant, marketed in North America as the TwinStar. The Eurocopter EC130 is a derivative of the AS350 airframe and is considered by the manufacturer to be part of the Écureuil single-engine family.[3] DevelopmentIn the early 1970s, Aérospatiale decided to initiate a new development programme to produce a suitable replacement for the aging Aérospatiale Alouette II.[4] While the Aérospatiale Gazelle, which had been developed in the 1960s and 1970s, had been met with numerous orders by military customers, commercial sales of the type had been less than anticipated, thus the need for a new civil-orientated development was identified.[4] The development of the new rotorcraft, which was headed by Chief Engineer René Mouille, was focused on the production of an economic and cost-effective aerial vehicle, thus both Aérospatiale's Production and Procurement departments were heavily involved in the design process.[4] One such measure was the use of a rolled sheet structure, a manufacturing technique adapted from the automotive industry; another innovation was the newly developed Starflex main rotor. It was also decided that both civil and military variants of the emergent helicopter would be developed to conform with established military requirements.[4] On 27 June 1974, the first prototype, an AS350 C powered by a Lycoming LTS101 turboshaft engine, conducted its maiden flight at Marignane, France; the second prototype, powered by a Turbomeca Arriel 1A, following on 14 February 1975.[4][5] The Arriel-powered version, the AS350B, intended for sale throughout the world except for North America, was certified in France on 27 October 1977, while the Lycoming powered AS350C (or AStar) was certified by the US Federal Aviation Administration on 21 December 1977. In March 1978, deliveries to customers began for the AS350B, deliveries of the AS350C began in April 1978.[6] Over time, the AS350 Écureuil/AStar has received further development; while the aircraft's design remains broadly similar, various aspects and systems such as the rotor system, powerplants, and avionics have been progressively improved. On 6 February 1987, a prototype AS350 B2 flew with a fenestron tail-rotor in the place of its normal conventional counterpart. On 1 March 1997, the first AS350 B3, equipped with an Arriel 2B engine, performed its first flight.[4] Various conversion programs and addons for AS350s have been produced and are offered by multiple third-party 'aftermarket' aerospace firms in addition to those available directly from the type's prime manufacturer. New variants of the Arriel-powered AS350B, the AS350 B1, AS350 B2, and AS350 B3, were progressively introduced; the later B3 differing from preceding models by the increasing use of digital systems, such as the Garmin-built G500H avionics suite and FADEC engine control system.[7] Prior to 2013, the type had been manufactured principally at Eurocopter's Marignane facility, near Marseille, France; Eurocopter opted to, as part of a move to disperse its helicopter production activities, begin AS350 production and final assembly activities at its factory in Columbus, Mississippi for deliveries to U.S. commercial helicopter market. The Astar has been Eurocopter's biggest-selling product in the US commercial market, at one point selling roughly one AS350 every business day.[8][9] In March 2015, the first Columbus-assembled AS350 B3e received its FAA certification.[10] In December 2015, Airbus Helicopters reported their intention to double the rate of AS350 production at Columbus in 2016 over the previous year, and that the facility is capable of producing up to 65 AS350s per year.[11] DesignThe AS350 is a single engine helicopter, powered either by a Lycoming LTS101 or Turbomeca Arriel powerplant (for twin-engined variants, see Eurocopter AS355), that drives a three-blade main rotor, which is furnished with a Starflex rotor head. The type is well known for its high-altitude performance and has seen frequent use by operators in such environments.[7] Both the main and tail rotors make use of composite material and are deliberately designed to minimize corrosion and maintenance requirements.[18] The AS350 was also developed to comply with the stringent noise requirements in place in locations such as national parks; the in-cabin noise levels are such that passengers may also readily converse during flight. The aircraft can also be quickly started up and shut down, which is often useful during emergency medical services roles.[18] It is equipped with hydraulically-assisted flight controls; these controls remain operational, albeit operated with greater physical effort, in the event of a hydraulic failure.[12] Much of the AS350's avionics are provided by Garmin, such as the GI 106A course-deviation indicator, GNS 430 VHF/VOR/localizer/glideslope indicator/Global Positioning System receiver, GTX 327 Mode A and C transponder, and GMA 340H intercom.[13] The Vehicle and Engine Multifunction Display (VEMD) and the First Limit Indicator (FLI) both serve to increase the aircraft's safety during flight, reducing the number of gauges that need to be monitored by the pilot and thereby reducing their workload.[22] For increased smoothness in flight, which positively affects passenger comfort as well as safety, stability augmentation systems can be installed. Later-production aircraft feature new avionics and systems such as the integration of an Automatic Flight Control System (AFCS) and autopilot, a glass cockpit featuring three liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) and digital avionics, such as the synthetic-vision terrain mapping system and Airbus's Multibloc center console upon which various radios may be mounted.[7][14] The AS350 has proven popular in a wide range of roles; as such, multiple cabin configurations can be used, between four and six passengers in a typical seating configuration, and large sliding doors can be fitted to either side of the cabin. In some operators' fleets, the furnishings of the cabin has been designed to enable the internal space and/or equipment fit-out to be rapidly reconfigured to enable aircraft to be switched between diverse operational roles.[7] Public service operators, such as those in law enforcement, often have forward looking infrared (FLIR) cameras and other mission systems installed on their aircraft. Other optional equipment on offer to operates had included real-time data links, rescue hoists, underslung cargo hooks, electrical external mirrors, search lights, tactical consoles, night vision goggle-compatibility, moving-map system, internal cabin tie-downs, second battery kit, sand filters, wire strike protection system, 4-channel radio, tail rotor arch, cabin floor windows, and removable seats.[7][15] Modern aircraft have various refinements beyond those featuring on older models; these changes include dual-channel FADEC-equipped engines, increasing use of digital avionics in the cockpit, decreased maintenance costs, a re-designed cabin, and a comfortable Stylence interior (optional).[7][15] Older aircraft often undergo refurbishment programs to install aftermarket features, or for the addition of functionality common to newer production aircraft, such as retrofitting of the glass cockpit.[14] Operational history{{expand section|date=June 2015}}On 14 May 2005, an AS350 B3 piloted by Eurocopter test pilot Didier Delsalle touched down on the top of Mount Everest, at {{convert|8848|m|abbr=on|sigfig=4}},[16][17][18] a record that has been confirmed by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale.[19] On 29 April 2010, a stripped-down AS350 B3 rescued three Spanish alpinists, one at a time, from the slopes of Annapurna I, Nepal at an altitude of {{convert|6900|m|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}; this set a new record for the highest such rescue.[20] The record was increased to {{convert|7800|m|abbr=on|sigfig=4}}, during the rescue of Sudarshan Gautam between Camps III & IV in Everest's Yellow Band on the morning of 20 May 2013.[21][22][23][24] On 2 June 2014, an AS350 B3e broke a national record in Mexico by successfully landing on the peak of Pico de Orizaba, the nation's tallest mountain.[25] The AS350 AStar has been successful in the US market, having become the most popular helicopter platform in use with individual American governmental agencies, law enforcement being a typical use of the type, by 2015.[26] By 1999, the AS350 had become the prime helicopter being used by the United States Customs Service for light enforcement operations;[27] by 2007, the agency had become the single largest operator of the type in the world.[28] By 2012, out of the 3,300 AS350s in operation across the world, 783 of them were in service with American-based operators.[29] In the Russian market since 2006, the AS350 and other helicopters built by the manufacturer have been sold and supported by wholly owned subsidiary Eurocopter Vostok; UTair Aviation soon emerged as the largest Russian operator of the AS350 B3e with a fleet of at least 20 of the type.[30] In December 2014, EASA validation was issued for Airbus Helicopters China to conduct training and support activity at their facility in Shenzhen, China; various components of the AS350 (such as the main and tail gearboxes) are now maintained locally.[31] On 9 September 2015, China's first helicopter leasing company, CM International Financial Leasing Corp Ltd (CMIFL), placed an order for 100 Ecureuil-series helicopters, these are to be a mix of H125 and H130 helicopters.[32][33] Brazil has been an extensive operator of the AS350; by 2011 more than 300 helicopters were operating in the country in various conditions and roles, including from the flight deck of the Brazilian aircraft carrier São Paulo.[14][34] Since 1984, the Brazilian Navy has used AS350s to support the Brazilian Antarctic Program.[35] Helibras, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eurocopter, operates in the country; of the 600 helicopters it had domestically manufactured for the Brazilian market by 2012, 70% were AS350s.[36] In January 2011, Helibras signed a contract with the Brazilian Army to substantially upgrade and refurbish their existing fleet of 36 AS350 Ecureuils.[37] In the United Kingdom, the Defence Helicopter Flying School has operated 26 AS350, designated Squirrel HT1, for the training of pilots of Britain's armed forces; the type was progressively introduced from 1997 onwards as a replacement for the Aérospatiale Gazelle.[38] In September 2014, the UK's Ministry of Defence issued a request for proposals to replace the Squirrel HT1; Airbus Helicopters has already announced its intention to offer a mixed fleet of Eurocopter EC130s and Eurocopter EC135s in response.[39] Since May 1984, the Royal Australian Navy's Fleet Air Arm has operated a fleet of AS350s, these were upgraded to the AS350 BA standard in 1995; the Royal Australian Air Force had previously operated the AS350 for training purposes, and briefly for search and rescue missions, but these were later transferred to the Australian Army.[40] Between June 2007 and December 2007, the Danish Air Force operated a deployment of four AS350 helicopters at Basra International Airport, Iraq, to perform liaison and reconnaissance missions in support of coalition forces during the Iraq War.[41] In June 2015, the Argentine Defense Ministry ordered 12 H125s to replace their 1970s era Aérospatiale SA 315B Lamas for para-public support missions, such as search and rescue operations, inside Argentina.[42] Variants
Prototype.
Fire fighting version.
Powered by one Turbomeca Arriel 1B engine.
Improved version of the original AS350B, which is powered by one Arriel 1D engine, type also fitted with AS355 main rotor blades, AS355 tail rotor with tabs and a tail rotor servo.
Higher gross weight version powered by one Arriel 1D1 engine over the B1 version with aerodynamic strake fitted to tail boom along the starboard side and angled engine exhaust duct for better yaw control.
High-performance version, is powered by an Arriel 2B engine equipped with a single channel (DECU) Digital Engine Control Unit with a mechanical backup system. This helicopter is the first ever to land on the summit of Mount Everest. AS350 B3/2B1 variant introduces enhanced engine with dual channel (FADEC) Full Authority Digital Engine Control, dual hydraulics and a 2,370 kg (5,225 lb) Maximum Take Off Weight. AS350 B3e (introduced late 2011) equipped with the Arriel 2D engine; AS350 B3e renamed H125.[43]
Powered by a Arriel 1B engine and fitted with wider chord AS355 main rotor blades and tail rotor servo.
AS350 B2 variant selected to meet rotary-wing training needs of UK MoD, through its Defence Helicopter Flying School in 1996. Powered by a derated Arriel 1D1 engine to improve the helicopters' life cycle.
Designation of AS350BB in operation with British Military, through the Defence Helicopter Flying School as a training helicopter.
Designation of AS350BB in operation with British Army Air Corps as a training helicopter, based at Middle Wallop.
Initial variant of Lycoming LTS-101-600A2 powered version developed for the North American market as the AStar. Quickly superseded by AS350D.
Powered by one Lycoming LTS-101 engine for the North American market as the AStar. At one stage marketed as AStar 'Mark III.'
Military derivative of AS350 B1, powered by a 510kW (684shp) Turbomeca Arriel 1D turboshaft engine. Superseded by AS350 L2.
Military derivative of AS350 B2, powered by a 546 kW (732shp) Turbomeca Arriel 1D1 turboshaft engine. Designation superseded by AS550 C2.
Unarmed military version for the Brazilian Air Force. Brazilian designations CH-50 and TH-50. Built under licence by Helibras in Brazil.
Unarmed military version for the Brazilian Navy. Brazilian designation UH-12. Built under licence by Helibras in Brazil.
Armed military version for the Brazilian Army. Brazilian designation HA-1. Built under licence by Helibras in Brazil. Aftermarket conversions
AS350 BA powered by an LTS101-600A-3A engine.
AS350 BA powered by a Rolls Royce 250-C30 engine.
AS350 B2 powered by an LTS101-700D-2 engine.
AS350 BA powered by an LTS101-600A-3A engine.
AS350 BA or AS350 B2 powered by an LTS101-700D-2 engine.
AS350 BA powered by an LTS101-600A-3A engine.[44] OperatorsThe AS350 is in service around the world operated by private individuals, airline and charter operators, emergency medical teams, governments and law enforcement agencies. Military and government operators
Retired
Notable accidents and incidents
Specifications (AS350 B3){{External media|topic= |width=18% |align=right |video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXNXSvnCtKA Video of World Record-breaking Mount Everest AS350 B3 landing] |video2=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JWNAR_2cr0c An AS350 during winter operations] |video3=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pk4aoIZpLfo Demonstration flight of an AS350 B3]}}{{Aircraft specifications|plane or copter?= copter |jet or prop?= prop |ref=Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000[94] |crew= 1 |capacity= 5 |length main= 10.93 m[95] |length alt= 35 ft 10½ in |span main= 10.7 m |span alt= 35 ft 1 in |height main= 3.14 m |height alt= 10 ft 3½ in |area main= 89.75 m² |area alt= 966.1 sq ft |airfoil= |empty weight main= 1,174 kg |empty weight alt= 2,588 lb |loaded weight main= |loaded weight alt= |useful load main= |useful load alt= |max takeoff weight main= 2,250 kg |max takeoff weight alt= 4,960 lb |more general= |engine (prop)= Turbomeca Arriel 2B |type of prop= turboshaft |number of props= 1 |power main= 632 kW |power alt= 847 shp |power original= |cruise speed main= 245 km/h |cruise speed alt=132 knots, 152 mph |never exceed speed main= 287 km/h |never exceed speed alt= 155 knots, 178 mph |range main= 662 km |range alt= 357 nmi, 411 mi |endurance=4.1 hrs |ceiling main= 4,600 m |ceiling alt= 15,100 ft |climb rate main= 8.5 m/s |climb rate alt= 1,675 ft/min |loading main= |loading alt= |thrust/weight= |power/mass main= |power/mass alt= |more performance= |armament= |avionics= Vehicle and Engine Monitoring Display (VEMD) with First Limit Indicator (FLI) fitted as standard. }} † 4, 5, & 6 passengers options available.[96] The 6 passenger configuration replaces the single passenger forward seat with a two-person bench seat[97] See also{{Portal|Aviation|Airbus|France}}{{Aircontent||related=
|similar aircraft=
|lists=
|see also= }} ReferencesCitations1. ^"Eurocopter AS350, AS355 & EC130 Technical Briefing. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112233459/http://airbushelicoptersinc.com/images/support/TechBriefings2010/AS350%20AS355-EC130-tech-briefing-Heli-Expo2010.pdf |date=12 January 2016 }}", Airbus Helicopters, February 2010. 2. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.bjtonline.com/aircraft/airbus-helicopters-as350b2 |title= Airbus Helicopters AS350B2 |work= Business Jet Traveller |author= Conklin & de Decker}} 3. ^Fabre, François et al., "Final Report: Eurocopter AS350 Ecureuil/Single Engine Family, Revision 4.", European Aviation Safety Agency, 8 June 2012. 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 "1974: AS350/355 Ecureuil/AStar- AS550/555 Fennec – EC130." {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226132245/http://www.eurocopter.ir/site/en/ref/1974_-AS350-355-AS550-555-EC130_469-138.html?noeu_id=469 |date=26 December 2015 }} Eurocopter, Retrieved: 25 December 2015. 5. ^Jackson 2003, p. 244. 6. ^Taylor 1982, p. 56. 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 Lombardi, Frank. "AStar Evolution.", Aviation Today, 12 May 2015. 8. ^Osborne, Tony. "French Unions Dislike Eurocopter’s U.S. AS350 Plan.", Aviation Week, 30 September 2013. 9. ^"Eurocopter to assemble AS350 aircraft in Mississippi.", United Press International, 23 September 2013. 10. ^"First US-made Airbus Helicopters AS350 certified.", Aerospace Manufacturing and Design, 3 March 2015. 11. ^Forrest, Ben. "Airbus aims to ramp up H125 production in Mississippi." Vertical Magazine, 22 December 2015. 12. ^"AS350: Hydraulics Out? Fly the Procedure.", Rotor & Wing, 1 June 2007. 13. ^1 2 Stephens, Ernie, and James T. McKenna. "The AS350 — Versatility and Power.", Rotor & Wing, 1 June 2007. 14. ^1 2 "Eurocopter’s Helibras Subsidiary to Modernize 36 AS350 Ecureuil Helicopters Operated by the Brazilian Army Aviation Command.", Helicopter Maintenance Magazine, 1 February 2011. 15. ^1 2 [https://www.airbushelicopters.com/website/docs_wsw/RUB_29/tile_2658/Broch_H125-2015.pdf "Civil: H125."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911141604/https://www.airbushelicopters.com/website/docs_wsw/RUB_29/tile_2658/Broch_H125-2015.pdf |date=11 September 2015 }} Airbus Helicopters, 2015. 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mounteverest.net/story/FrenchEverestMysteryChoppersUtopiasummit-VIDEOMay272005.shtml |title=French Everest Mystery Chopper's Utopia summit |publisher=MountEverest.net |date=27 June 2005 |access-date=20 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113192323/http://www.mounteverest.net/story/FrenchEverestMysteryChoppersUtopiasummit-VIDEOMay272005.shtml |archive-date=13 January 2015 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 17. ^[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120224042457/http://www.everestnews.com/stories2005/everestcopter05272005.htm The Helicopter land on Everest with video] 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/0509/whats_new/helicopter_everest.html |title=Landing on Air |publisher=National Geographic Adventure |date=1 September 2005 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802071837/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/0509/whats_new/helicopter_everest.html |archivedate=2 August 2009 }} 19. ^"FAI Record ID #11596 – Highest take-off {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305113002/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=11596 |date=5 March 2014 }}" Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). Retrieved: 20 September 2014. 20. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.alanarnette.com/news/2010/05/11/helicopter-rescues-in-everests-western-cwm/ | title=Helicopter Rescues in Everest's Western CWM? | accessdate=28 February 2012 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723073009/http://www.alanarnette.com/news/2010/05/11/helicopter-rescues-in-everests-western-cwm/ | archivedate=23 July 2012 | df=dmy-all }} 21. ^{{cite web|last1=Bierling|first1=Billi|title=The height of folly?|url=http://actionasia.com/articles/the-height-of-folly|publisher=Action Asia Magazine|date=October 2013|quote=When he fell at the Yellow Band during his descent, Gautam then set another landmark: for the highest helicopter rescue in the world. The Italian pilot Maurizio Folini took on the daring task and used a ‘long line’ from 7,800 metres to pull the 30-year-old off the mountain. 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Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Airbus Helicopters H125 Écureuil}}
6 : Airbus Helicopters aircraft|Aérospatiale aircraft|French helicopters 1970–1979|French civil utility aircraft 1970–1979|Single-turbine helicopters|Aircraft first flown in 1974 |
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