| 词条 | European Social Movement | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The European Social Movement (ESM) was a neo-fascist Europe-wide alliance set up in 1951 to promote pan-European nationalism. The ESM had its origins in the emergence of the Italian Social Movement (MSI), which established contacts with like-minded smaller groups in Europe during the late 1940s, setting up European Study Center and publishing a magazine Europa Unita.[1] On the back of this work they organised a conference in Rome in 1950 which was attended by Oswald Mosley, whose Union Movement was advocating closer European unity with its Europe a Nation policy, representatives of the Falange, allies of Gaston-Armand Amaudruz and other leading figures from the far right.[1] After submitting plans for a centrally organised Europe a second congress followed in 1951 at Malmö, the home of Per Engdahl, where it was agreed that the ESM would be set up as an alliance to this end. Engdahl was chosen as leader of a four-man council to head up the group, also featuring MSI leader Augusto De Marsanich, French writer Maurice Bardèche and German activist Karl-Heinz Priester.[2][3] The ESM suffered early setbacks however, arguing that a war against communism was, at least initially, impractical for a united Europe, whilst some delegates felt that racialism had not been sufficiently underlined as necessary for the new Europe.[4] These problems proved particularly acute for some members of the French Comité National Français, with leading members René Binet and Maurice Bardèche quitting both the French group and the ESM as a whole, before becoming instrumental in the formation of the New European Order.[5] Continuing its activity despite the split, the ESM encountered difficulties in 1956 when a delegate was invited to the annual conference of the MSI. Following his attendance he recommended a total split from the MSI, whom he accused of being too preoccupied with Italian politics to be of use to pan-Europeanism.[6] With divisions growing and competition from other movements biting the movement had largely become moribund by 1957.[7] Its role was later taken over by the similar National Party of Europe, which had many of the same members but was more formalised. Members
Notes1. ^1 Tauber, p. 568 2. ^{{cite book |title=Very deeply dyed in black: Sir Oswald Mosley and the resurrection of British fascism after 1945 |first=Graham |last=Macklin |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-84511-284-4 |page=107}} 3. ^{{Cite journal |first1=Anders |last1=Widfeldt |title=A fourth phase of the extreme right? Nordic immigration-critical parties in a comparative context |year=2010 |journal=NORDEUROPAforum |volume=20 |issue=1/2 |pages =7–31 |url=http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/nordeuropaforum/2010-1/widfeldt-anders-7/XML/}} 4. ^Tauber, p. 572 5. ^Tauber, pp. 572-573 6. ^Tauber, p. 575 7. ^Tauber, p. 581 References
7 : Nationalist movements in Europe|Political parties established in 1951|Political parties disestablished in 1957|International political organizations|Neo-fascist parties|Pan-Europeanism|Pan-European nationalism |
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