“Execution van”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The execution van, also called a mobile execution unit, was developed by the government of the People's Republic of China and was first used{{fact|date=March 2016}} in 1997. Mobile gas vans were invented and used by the Soviet secret police NKVD in the late 1930s during the Great Purge.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] The prisoner is strapped to a stretcher and executed inside the van. The van allows death sentences to be carried out without moving the prisoner to an execution ground. The vans also require less manpower per execution, requiring four persons to assist with the injection and are mobile.^[7] The PRC states that the vans are more humane than previous forms of execution. Human-rights groups predict that the execution rate in China will increase because of mobile capital punishment.^[8]

People's Republic of China

After the 1997 decision to legalize lethal injection as a form of execution, PRC officials began using execution vans across China. Becoming popular in 2006{{fact|date=March 2016}}{{why|date=March 2016}}, these officials state that the vans are cost-effective by allowing communities without the money to build dedicated death rows to kill prisoners without the costs associated with sending prisoners away for death. Former Chinese judge and current lawyer Qiu Xingsheng argues that "some places can't afford the cost of sending a person to Beijing—perhaps $250—plus $125 more for the drug."^[9] Because Beijing is the only place where the drug is manufactured, the vans have allowed localities to administer the death sentence where the crime took place. Estimates place the number of execution vans in operation at around 40; the PRC has not confirmed this number.

A converted 24-seat bus, the execution van keeps the appearance of a normal police van on the outside with no markings indicating its purpose. The rear of the vehicle houses a windowless chamber where the execution takes place. Several cameras are present and feed closed-circuit televisions in the front of the van; a recording can be made if desired. The bed itself slides out of the wall under its own power, on which the convicted person is strapped down. A syringe is put into the arm by a technician and a police official administers the injection by pressing a button.{{cn|date=April 2013}}

Controversy

The PRC government claims that this is a more humane form of killing people, being far less painful than firing squad executions. Zhao Shijie, president of the Yunnan Provincial High Court, was quoted as praising the new system: "The use of lethal injection shows that China's death penalty system is becoming more civilized and humane."^[8] While the vans have moved China away from previous days of large public executions, human rights activists counter that they are "like government-sanctioned death squads", and allow for an increased number and a higher efficiency of executions.

There is concern that mobile execution units have made organ harvesting much easier and more profitable, as lethal injection does not damage the body.{{clarify|date=January 2018}} In March 2006 the Ministry of Health banned the sale of organs.^[9] It is believed{{By whom|date=November 2018}} that this has had no effect. Activists claim that the bodies are quickly cremated, which makes it impossible for family members to determine if organs have in fact been removed.^[7]

Notable executions

On December 22, 2003, organized crime leader Liu Yong was executed in an execution van in a controversial ruling. Liu was convicted of 32 charges and sentenced to death in 2000, but was granted a reprieve after appealing the case on the grounds that his confession was forced. Liu had been given a retrial by the Supreme Court on December 17. It was the first time the Supreme Court had bypassed China's two-trial system in which two trials are permitted and the verdict of the second trial may be appealed by either side.^[9]^[10]

On March 17, 2006, billionaire Yuan Baojing was executed in a van for the arranged murder of a blackmailer.^[11]

The former Director of the State Food and Drug Administration of the People's Republic of China Zheng Xiaoyu was executed in an execution van on July 10, 2007, for corruption. Zheng tried to appeal the sentence, but the court ruled that he was a "great danger" to the country and its reputation.

See also

References

1. ^Yevgenia Albats, KGB: The State Within a State. 1995, page 101
2. ^Robert Gellately. Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe. Knopf, 2007 {{ISBN|1-4000-4005-1}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8bTWCJMqAQC&pg=PT480 p. 460]
3. ^Catherine Merridale. Night of Stone: Death and Memory in Twentieth-Century Russia. Penguin Books, 2002 {{ISBN|0-14-200063-9}} p. 200
4. ^Timothy J. Colton. Moscow: Governing the Socialist Metropolis. Belknap Press, 1998. {{ISBN|0-674-58749-9}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=lXM2H6tWHskC&pg=PA286 p. 286]
5. ^{{cite book |first= А.И.|last=Солженицын |title=Two Hundred Years Together (Двести лет вместе) |volume=2 |location=Москва |publisher=Русский путь |year=2002 |language=Russian|isbn=5-85887-151-8|page=297}}
6. ^{{cite book |title=Argumenty i Fakty, Аргументы и факты |volume=N 17 |date=April 1993 |language=Russian }}
7. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/HG21Ad01.html|title=China's Mobile Death Fleet|publisher=Asia Times Online|date=2006-07-21|author=Antoaneta Bezlova}}
8. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.iansa.org/regions/europe/documents/undermining_security/security_equipment.htm|title= Undermining Global Security: the European Union's arms exports|publisher=IANSA (NGO)IANSA}}
9. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2003/12/23/2003084622 |title=Mafia kingpin dies in execution van |work=Taipei Times |date=2003-12-23}}
10. ^China's Criminal Justice System {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019034145/http://www.law.yale.edu/documents/pdf/chinas_criminal_justice_system.pdf |date=2011-10-19 }} - Yale Law School - Yale University (PDF). Retrieved 1 October 2011.
11. ^¹²{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2006-06-14-death-van_x.htm |title=China makes ultimate punishment mobile |work=USA Today |date=2006-06-15 | first=Calum | last=MacLeod | accessdate=2010-05-02}}