| 词条 | Charles E. Osgood |
| 释义 |
CareerOsgood was born in Somerville, Massachusetts. He received his Ph.D. in Psychology from Yale University in 1945.[2] He was a professor of psychology of the University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana from 1949 to 1984, and a research professor of the Institute of Communications Research (ICR), in the UI College of Communications. He was the Director of the ICR from 1957 to 1984. He served as president of the American Psychological Association from 1962 to 1963.[2] Among his awards were the APA's Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award (1960), and the APA's Kurt Lewin Award (1971). Theoretical ContributionsHis theoretical contributions include the Mediational Theory of Meaning. This theory focuses on the representational mediated process of communication, which is separate from the sensational and perceptual level. The Mediational Theory of Meaning is more concerned with word connotation than denotation. [3] Osgood breaks down the meaning model into three parts. 1) A word is decoded as a sign through the sensory and perceptual level. 2) The representational mediated process establishes the meaning of the word by relating it to an actual event. 3) The internal stimulation is encoded in an outward expression (response). [4] GRITAt the height of Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, Osgood formulated a new approach to international relations called "Graduated Reciprocation in Tension-reduction", or GRIT. This was first articulated in a paper titled, "Reciprocal Initiative", and developed at greater length in his seminal book, An Alternative To War Or Surrender, both published in 1962. Osgood hoped to be able to reverse the nuclear arms race through a series of carefully calibrated, reciprocal steps which would gradually foster greater trust between the two superpowers. He was appointed to the Social Science Advisory Board of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, serving from 1964 to 1971.[5] Bibliography
Footnotes1. ^{{cite journal |last1=Haggbloom |first1=Steven J. |last2=Warnick |first2=Renee |last3=Warnick |first3=Jason E. |last4=Jones |first4=Vinessa K. |last5=Yarbrough |first5=Gary L. |last6=Russell |first6=Tenea M. |last7=Borecky |first7=Chris M. |last8=McGahhey |first8=Reagan |last9=Powell |first9=John L., III |last10=Beavers |first10=Jamie |last11=Monte |first11=Emmanuelle |title=The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century. |journal=Review of General Psychology |date=2002 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=139–152 |doi=10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139|url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/julaug02/eminent.aspx| displayauthors = 8 |citeseerx=10.1.1.586.1913}} {{APA Presidents|state=uncollapsed}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Osgood, Charles E}}2. ^1 U. of I. Archives - Biographical Sketch {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901150040/http://web.library.uiuc.edu/ahx/uasfa/1305020.pdf#search=%22charles%20osgood%20obituary%22 |date=September 1, 2006 }} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.afirstlook.com/docs/mediational.pdf|title=Mediational Theory of Meaning|last=Griffin|first=Em|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-03-09}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://zimmer.csufresno.edu/~johnca/spch100/4-3-osgood.htm|title=Charles Osgood: Mediation Hypothesis|last=Bonjorni|first=C.|date=2002|website=CSUN Fresno|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-03-10}} 5. ^University of Illinois Archives {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913094019/http://web.library.uiuc.edu/ahx/ead/ua/1305020/1305020series1.html |date=September 13, 2006 }} 14 : American psychologists|Psycholinguists|Semanticists|American psychology writers|American male non-fiction writers|American social sciences writers|American foreign policy writers|Presidents of the American Psychological Association|Guggenheim Fellows|University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign faculty|Yale University alumni|Writers from Somerville, Massachusetts|1916 births|1991 deaths |
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