| 词条 | Florence Bascom |
| 释义 |
| fetchwikidata=ALL | noicon=on|dateformat=mdy|list=hlist |father=John Bascom|mother=Emma Curtiss Bascom}}Florence Bascom (July 14, 1867 – June 18, 1945) was the second woman to earn her Ph.D in geology in the United States, and the first woman to receive a Ph.D from Johns Hopkins University, which occurred in 1893.[1][2] She also became the first woman to work for the United States Geological Survey, in 1896.[3][4] As well as being one of the first women to earn a master's degree in geology, she was known for her innovative findings in this field, and led the next generation of notable female geologists. Geologists consider her to be the "first woman geologist in this country America."[4] She did not cook or iron but she was ambitious and independent. She loved horses and dogs.[5] "The fascination of any search after truth lies not in the attainment, which at best is found to be very relative, but in the pursuit, where all the powers of the mind and character are brought into play and are absorbed by the task. One feels oneself in contact with something that is infinite and one finds joy that is beyond expression in sounding the abyss of science and the secrets of the infinite mind." - Florence Bascom[5] Early lifeFlorence Bascom was born in Williamstown, Massachusetts on July 14, 1862. The youngest of five children, Bascom came from a family who, unlike most at the time, encouraged women's entrance into society.[2] Her father, John Bascom, was a professor at Williams College, and later President of University of Wisconsin.[9] He was the driving factor of her career and her first contact in the field of Geology.[2] Her mother, Emma Curtiss Bascom, was a women's rights activist involved in the suffrage movement.[2] Her parents were steadfast supporters of women's rights and encouraged women to obtain a college education. Her father, John Bascom became the president of University of Wisconsin in 1874. Just one year later in 1875 the university began accepting women. The famous Bascom Hill within the Madison campus was named after the family and their legacy.[5] She was born at a time when Civil War was splitting the country. She grew up in a household where her family emphasized the importance of gender equality. Her father commemorated women and their importance in society. From a young age, Florence was very intelligent and very mature. She had a very high maturity level from a very young age and was very close to her father. Her father had struggled with mental illness and used his children as a way to help him overcome it. He did so by bringing his children to the mountains and did this to promote natural science. Florence graduated with high grades from Madison High School at the age of 16.[6] EducationInitially Bascom was not interested in geology. She earned a bachelor's degree in arts and letters in 1882,[4] and a Bachelor of Science in 1884 from the University of Wisconsin.[7] After persuasion from her father and a rejection from another school, Bascom obtained her first science degree, which turned her interest towards geology.[8] In 1887 she obtained her Master of Science degree from the same university. During this time women had limited access to educational resources, such as the library and gymnasium, but also limited access to classrooms if men were already in them. Her professors at the University of Wisconsin, Roland Duer Irving and Charles R. Van Hise, were part of the USGS.[9] Bascom received her Ph.D at Johns Hopkins University. While studying at Johns Hopkins she was forced to sit behind a screen so as not to disturb the men in the class, whose education was the priority.[9] Since Geology at the time was purely a male discipline, Bascom faced many challenges getting her education and establishing herself in her field; this led to her becoming known as the "Pioneer of Women Geologists."[2] She was the second woman to obtain a Ph.D in Geology. However, she was the first female geologist to present a paper before the Geological Survey of Washington, in 1901.[10] She was also the first woman elected to the Council of the Geological Society of America (in 1924; no other woman was elected for more than two decades).[10] Another notable achievement is that she was the first female officer of the Geological Society of America, and in 1930 became the second Vice-President.[2] After receiving her B.A in 1884, she started her college teaching career at the Hampton School of Negroes and American Indians (currently known as Hampton University), working there for a year before going back to University of Wisconsin for her master's {{Citation needed|date=August 2018}}. While attending the University of Wisconsin Florence Bascom was a member of the Kappa Kappa Gamma chapter. Bascom was one of the first members to join an all women's fraternities between 1867 and 1902. Still today, little is known about the contributions made by women achieving higher education and their memberships within women’s fraternities (also known as sororities).[11] WorkFlorence Bascom contributed to a special type of identification for acidic volcanoes. Her journal, The Structures, Origin, and Nomenclature of Acidic Volcanic Rocks of South Mountain, begins by identifying various rock structures formed by the volcano. Bascom argues that South Mountain's rock formations have changed over time, with some rocks originally showing signs of being rhyolite, but now holocrystalline rock. These rocks defy the nomenclature used to identify rocks invented by German and English scientists, so she created prefixes to add to these pre-existing names, to identify acidic changes in rocks. The prefixes she came up with are meta, epi, and apo.[12] Florence presented a second notable new conclusion regarding the cycles of erosion within Pennsylvania; earlier scientific thought was that the Piedmont province of Pennsylvania was made by two to three erosion cycles, while she had evidence there were at least nine cycles. Florence found this by compiling a strati-graphic record of Atlantic deposit in the province, listing the depth, unconformities, and different grain sizes (like sand, clay, or gravel). The cycles occurred over a large period of time, with six cycles occurring in the post-Cretaceous period and three occurring in the Cretaceous period. This conclusion gave scientists new ideas about erosion cycles regarding their rate of occurrence and how to define a cycle. [13] In 1896 Bascom worked as an assistant for the (USGS). Her role in the team was to study crystalline schists in a square degree of area along eastern Pennsylvania and Maryland, as well as a portion of northwest Delaware. For part of her life as a teacher, she simultaneously worked in the geological survey. Her work lead to a multitude of comprehensive reports of geologic folios. [14]She also held a career as a teacher. She taught mathematics and science at Rockford College from 1887 to 1889, and later at Ohio State University from 1893 to 1895.[15] She left Ohio State University to work at Bryn Mawr College where she could conduct original research and teach higher level geology courses. Bascom even took a leave from her teachings in 1907 due to her interest to study petrography and mineralogy. She spent a year learning and researching advanced crystallography in the laboratory of Victor Goldschmidt and Heidelberg before going back to teaching as she did not want to spend time doing “overspecialistic research,” that she would not be able to teach to her students in the courses offered.[14] At Bryn Mawr College, geology was considered adjunct in comparison to other natural sciences. Her workspace consisted of a storage space in a building constructed solely for chemistry and biology. Over two years she managed to develop a substantial collection of minerals, fossils and rocks. Bascom founded Bryn Mawr’s department of Geology in 1901.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}} She proceeded to teach and train a generation of young women in this department. In 1937, 8 out of 11 of the women who were Fellows of the Geological Society of America were graduates of Bascom’s course at Bryn Mawr College.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}} In the first third of the 20th century, Bascom’s graduate program was considered to be one of the most rigorous in the country, with a strong focus on both lab and fieldwork. It was known for training the most American female geologists. Her students did not just graduate, they often succeeded in important geology careers for themselves. Bascom took a leave from her teachings in 1907 due to her interest to study petrography and mineralogy. Many got positions in government as University teachers, as well as federal and in-state surveyors. Additionally during WW2 some of her students were involved in confidential work for the Military Geology Unit in the U.S. Geological Survey.[14] She was known to set high standards for her students as well as herself. Though she was extremely tough on her students, they were grateful for the quality of education that she gave to them.[2] Bascom retired from teaching in 1928 but continued to work at the United States Geological Survey until 1936.[16] Notable mentorsHer father, John Bascom, played a pivotal role in Florence Bascom becoming a geologist, beginning when Florence was 12 and her father moved her and her family from their hometown to accept the position as President of the University of Wisconsin, the university where Bascom would begin her education. Her interest in geology began with her father; she believed "they understood each other" and stated he was "All that [she] needed, association with him gratified all [she] wanted or needed so far as men were concerned."{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}} The above quote references the network of male coworkers a woman would have to gain to be respected in a scientific field. It was a drive with her father who pointed out a landscape that she did not understand, that intrigued her enough to learn about the earth and geologic processes. Contradicting her earlier statement she had many other male mentors throughout her career.[2] Bascom trained under experts in metamorphism and crystallography.[4] Bascom's choice of study was strongly influenced by Roland Duer Irving, a professor at the University of Wisconsin, and Charles R. Van Hise, who was Irving's assistant. In the years she worked under these two, 1884-1887, the Geological Survey in Washington had established a division of glacial geology, motivating her to enter the field of petrography and structural geology. This led Bascom to analyze formations in South Mountain in Maryland. These formations were regarded as sediments but under close observation Bascom arrived at the conclusion that the formations were altered volcanics, which she identified as, "Apor-hyolites". Being an expertise in mineralogy, petrology, and crystallography[15] she used these ideas to create her masters thesis which was finalized and named, "The Sheet Gabbros of Lake Superior."[17] George Huntington Williams (1856–94): Bascom met George Huntington Williams through her early mentor Irving and later worked with Williams in field research while she was at Johns Hopkins. Bascom began her studies at Hopkins and was told there was a chance she would not get her degree because she was a woman. Williams supported her and she later received her PhD.[18] Edward Francis Baxter Orton (1829–99): Bascom worked with Edward Francis Baxter Orton while she was at Ohio State University.[18] Victor Mordechai Goldschmidt (1853–1933): Bascom studied crystallography under Victor Mordechai Goldschmidt while on leave in Germany in 1906 – 1907.[18] LegacyCame from a family that encouraged women involvement in society and encouraged her to get a college education (not common).[5] Florence Bascom left a legacy in part due to her significant scientific discoveries, but also partly due to her legacy of training a number of future women geologists. Before Bascom, the geological sciences were lacking in women, and Bascom was the first women in the United States to challenge this norm. Bascom founded the geology department at Bryn Mawr College and encouraged other women to enter the field of geology (http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/281/1/123). Bascom trained and mentored Louise Kingsley, Katherine Fowler Billings, petrologist Anna Jonas Stose, petrologist Eleanora Bliss Knopf, crystallographer Mary Porter, paleontologist Julia Gardner, petroleum geologist Maria Stadnichenko, glacial geomorphologist Ida Ogilvie, Isabel Fothergill Smith, Dorothy Wyckoff, and Anna Heitonen.[5] Bascom’s students went on to be successful scientists and some were featured in American Men of Science. Those featured were Ida Ogilvie, Eleanor Bliss (Knopf), Anna Jonas (Stose), Isabel Smith, and Julia Gardner.[18] DeathBascom died of a stroke (cerebral hemorrhage) on June 18, 1945, at the age of 82.[15] She is buried in a Williams College cemetery in Williamstown, close to family members.[19] Named in honor of Florence Bascom
Publications{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooksby=yes|viaf=248809765}}Florence Bascom published over 40 articles on genetic petrography, geomorphology (specifically the provenance of surficial deposits),[4] and gravel.[20] Her own account of her youth in Madison may be found in the Wisconsin Magazine of History with the title "The University in 1874–1887", March 1925.[21]
See also{{Portal|Biography}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://dla.library.upenn.edu/dla/pacscl/ead.html?id=PACSCL_BMC_USPBmBMC198001 |title=Florence Bascom papers, 1883-1938 |publisher=Dla.library.upenn.edu |date= |accessdate=2018-07-28}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite journal|last1=Clary|first1=Renee M.|title=Great expectations: Florence Bascom (1842–1945) and the education of early US women geologists|journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications|volume=281|issue=1, The Role of Women in the History of Geology|pages=123–135|url=http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/281/1/123|doi=10.1144/SP281.8|accessdate=10 October 2017|ref=281, 123-135|date=January 2007|bibcode=2007GSLSP.281..123C}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/people/the-stone-lady-florence-bascom.htm |title=The Stone Lady, Florence Bascom (U.S. National Park Service) |publisher=Nps.gov |date=1945-06-18 |accessdate=2018-07-28}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.geosociety.org/gsatoday/archive/8/7/pdf/i1052-5173-8-7-8.pdf|title=A Life of Firsts: Florence Bascom|last=Schneidermann|first=Jill|date=July 1997|website=GSA Today|publisher=Geological Society of America|access-date=}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite web|url=http://www.gsahist.org/gsat/gt98feb8_9.pdf|title=Rock Stars: A Life of Firsts Florence Bascom|last=Schneiderman|first=Jill S.|date=July 1997|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bascom-florence-1862-1945|title=Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia|last=|first=|date=2002|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 7. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/466364697|title=Encyclopedia of world scientists|last=Oakes|first=Elizabeth H.,|date=2007|publisher=Facts on File|year=|isbn=9781438118826|edition= Rev.|location=New York|pages=47|oclc=466364697}} 8. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=rVLOhGt1BX0C|title=Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary|last=Rosenberg|first=Carroll S.|editor-last=James|editor-first=Edward T.|editor-last2=Boyer|editor-first2=Paul S.|editor-last3=James|editor-first3=Janet Wilson|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1971|isbn=9780674627345|volume=1|pages=108–110}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www2.usgs.gov/blogs/features/usgs_top_story/florence-bascom-pioneer-geologist/|title=Florence Bascom, Pioneer Geologist {{!}} Science Features|website=www2.usgs.gov|access-date=2016-11-01}} 10. ^1 {{cite web|author=irishawg |url=https://irishawg.wordpress.com/2017/12/01/women-in-geoscience-part-2/ |title=Women in Geoscience Series – Irish Association for Women in Geosciences |publisher=Irishawg.wordpress.com |date=2016-08-20 |accessdate=2018-07-28}} 11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy.lib.ucalgary.ca/docview/275858820/fulltextPDF/5BB6E6FE8F574871PQ/1?accountid=9838|title=C O ED UC A TIO N A N D THE HISTORY OF W OM EN'S FRATERNITIES|last=Becque|first=Frances DeSimone|date=2002|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 12. ^{{cite journal|last1=Bascom|first1=Florence|title=The Structures, Origin, and Nomenclature of the Acid Volcanic Rocks of South Mountain|journal=The Journal of Geology|volume=1|issue=8|pages=813–832|doi=10.1086/606233|year=1893|bibcode=1893JG......1..813B}} 13. ^{{cite journal|last1=Bascom|first1=Florence|title=CYCLES OF EROSION IN THE PIEDMONT PROVINCE OF PENNSYLVANIA'|journal=The Journal of Geology|volume=29|issue=6|pages=540–559|jstor=30063181|date=1921}} 14. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM31/AM31_168.pdf|title=MEMORIAL OF FLORENCE BASCOM|last=Knopf|first=Eleanora Frances Bliss|date=1946|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 15. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=A to Z of Earth Scientists|url=https://books.google.com/?id=iiG70wX0HMwC&pg=PA15&lpg=PA15&dq=florence+bascom+mineralogy+petrology+crystallography#v=onepage&q=florence%20bascom%20mineralogy%20petrology%20crystallography&f=false|last=Gates|first=Alexander E.|publisher=Facts on File|year=2009|isbn=9781438109190}} 16. ^1 2 {{cite web|last=Gohn|first=Kathleen K.|title=Celebrating 125 Years of the U.S. Geological Survey|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/2004/1274/2004-1274.pdf|work=U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1274|accessdate=16 October 2012|page=4|year=2004}} 17. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=rVLOhGt1BX0C&pg=PA108&lpg=PA108&dq=Roland+D.+Irving+and+Charles+R.+Van+Hise#v=snippet&q=bascom%20rockford&f=false|title=Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary|last1=James|first1=Edward T.|location=Radcliffe College|date=1971|website=Google|publisher=Harvard University Press|language=en|accessdate=11 October 2017|ref=108-109|isbn=9780674627345}} 18. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/281/1/123|title=Great expectations: Florence Bascom (1842–1945) and the education of early US women geologists|last=Wandersee & Clary|first=R.M & J.H|date=January 2007|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://biography.yourdictionary.com/florence-bascom|title=Florence Bascom facts|last=|first=|date=|website=biography.yourdictionary.com/Florencebascom|publisher=|access-date=}} 20. ^{{cite encyclopedia|title=Florence Bascom|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012|author=Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition}}{{full citation needed|date=August 2014|reason=Online but subscription required, please add url}} 21. ^{{cite web|last=Bascom|first=Florence|title=The University in 1874–1887|url=http://content.wisconsinhistory.org/cdm/ref/collection/wmh/id/4544|work=The Wisconsin Magazine of History|publisher=Wisconsin Historical Society|accessdate=16 October 2012|pages=300–308|year=1924–1925}} 22. ^{{cite journal|last1=Bascom|first1=Florence|title=John Bascom's Signature|journal=The Wisconsin Magazine of History|date=1925|volume=8|issue=4|pages=460|jstor=4630573|language=en}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://biography.yourdictionary.com/florence-bascom|title=Florence Bascom Facts|website=biography.yourdictionary.com|access-date=2016-10-06}} Further reading
External links
18 : American geologists|1862 births|1945 deaths|American women geologists|United States Geological Survey personnel|Johns Hopkins University alumni|University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni|Bryn Mawr College faculty|Hampton University faculty|Ohio State University faculty|American people of Basque descent|People from Williamstown, Massachusetts|19th-century geologists|20th-century geologists|19th-century American scientists|20th-century American scientists|19th-century women scientists|20th-century women scientists |
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