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词条 Chess Olympiad
释义

  1. Birth of the Olympiad

  2. Drug testing

  3. Competition

      Cultural activities  

  4. Results (open section)

  5. Total team ranking

  6. Best individual results in the open section

  7. See also

  8. References

  9. External links

{{for|the 2018 Olympiad|43rd Chess Olympiad}}

The Chess Olympiad is a biennial chess tournament in which teams from all over the world compete. FIDE organises the tournament and selects the host nation.

The use of the name "Chess Olympiad" for FIDE's team championship is of historical origin and implies no connection with the Olympic Games.

Birth of the Olympiad

The first Olympiad was unofficial. For the 1924 Olympics an attempt was made to include chess in the Olympic Games but this failed because of problems with distinguishing between amateur and professional players.[1] While the 1924 Summer Olympics was taking place in Paris, the 1st unofficial Chess Olympiad also took place in Paris. FIDE was formed on Sunday, July 20, 1924, the closing day of the 1st unofficial Chess Olympiad.[2]

FIDE organised the first Official Olympiad in 1927 which took place in London.[1] The Olympiads were occasionally held annually and at irregular intervals until World War II; since 1950 they have been held regularly every two years.[1]
Growth of Chess Olympiads

Drug testing

As a sporting federation recognized by the IOC, and particularly as a signatory to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) conventions,[3] FIDE adheres to their rules, including a requirement for doping tests,[4][5] which they are obligated to take at the events such as the Olympiad. The tests were first introduced in 2002 under significant controversy,[6] with the widespread belief that it was impossible to dope in chess. Research carried out by the Dutch chess federation failed to find a single performance-enhancing substance for chess.[7] According to Dr Helmut Pfleger, who has been conducting experiments in the field for around twenty years, "Both mentally stimulating and mentally calming medication have too many negative side effects".[7] Players such as Artur Yusupov,[8] Jan Timman[9] and Robert Hübner[10] either refused to play for their national team or to participate in events such as the Chess Olympiad where drug tests were administered. All 802 tests administered at the 2002 Olympiad came back negative.[11] However, in the 36th Chess Olympiad in 2004, two players refused to provide urine samples and had their scores cancelled.[12][13] Four years later, Vassily Ivanchuk was not penalized for skipping a drug test at the 38th Chess Olympiad in 2008, with a procedural error being indicated instead.[14]

In 2010, a FIDE official commented that due to the work of the FIDE Medical Commission, the tests were now considered routine.[15] In November 2015, FIDE president Kirsan Ilyumzhinov announced they are working with WADA to define and identify doping in chess.[16]

Competition

Each FIDE recognized chess association can enter a team into the Olympiad.[1] Each team is made of up to five players, four regular players and one reserve (prior to the tournament in Dresden 2008 there were two reserves[17]).[1]

Initially each team played all other teams but as the event grew over the years this became impossible.[1] At first team seeding took place before the competition.[1] Later certain drawbacks were recognized with seeding and in 1976 a Swiss tournament system was adopted.[1]

The trophy for the winning team in the open section is the Hamilton-Russell Cup,[1] which was offered by the English magnate Frederick Hamilton-Russell as a prize for the 1st Olympiad (London 1927). The cup is kept by the winning team until the next event, when it is consigned to the next winner. The trophy for the winning women's team is known as the Vera Menchik Cup in honor of the first Women's World Chess Champion.

The 2010 Olympiad was held in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia. The 2012 Olympiad was held in Istanbul, Turkey, the 2014 Olympiad was in Tromsø, Norway. The 2016 Olympiad was held in Baku, Azerbaijan.

Cultural activities

In addition to competition, each Olympiad also gives opportunities for associated cultural activities. For instance, at the 2004 Olympiad there were chess films screened on the beaches of Calvià every weeknight during the Olympiad, and chess-oriented art was displayed at an International Chess Fair, with prizes for top works awarded by a jury. In a New in Chess article 2012/7, Nigel Short opined that "Olympiads are all about sex", in particular comparing the prostitutes of Moscow 1994 to the women of Manila 1992.[18] His conclusion is that Manila 1992 "is considered to have been one of the best Olympiads in recent decades", in no short part due to the "sheer volume of totty".[19] This bookends the view from Graham Hillyard's 2010 piece, where English Chess Federation representative CJ de Mooi is depicted as bemoaning Anatoly Karpov's failure to introduce him to any suitably attractive young Russian men.[20] Two players died during the 2014 Olympiad and Norwegian reporter Tarjei Svensen noted that heavy drinking was typical before rest days, particularly at the famous "Bermuda party" regularly hosted by FIDE Treasurer Nigel Freeman.[21][22] This was the most read article at both the El País and Guardian news websites, a fact that was later cited as confirming the strong grassroots interest with chess.[23]

{{clear}}

Results (open section)

YearEventHostGoldSilverBronze
1924 1st unofficial Chess Olympiad
The Chess Olympiad (individual) 		France|1794}} Paris, FranceCzechoslovakia}} 31Hungary|1940}} 30Switzerland}} 29
1926 2nd unofficial Chess Olympiad
The Team Tournament
(part of FIDE summit) 		Hungary|1940}} Budapest, HungaryHungary|1940}} 9Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes}} 8Romania}} 5
1927 1st Chess Olympiad United Kingdom}} London, United KingdomHungary|1940}} 40Denmark}} 38½England}} 36½
1928 2nd Chess Olympiad Netherlands}} The Hague, NetherlandsHungary|1940}} 44United States|1912}} 39½Poland|1928}} 37
1930 3rd Chess Olympiad Germany|Weimar}} Hamburg, GermanyPoland|1928}} 48½Hungary|1940}} 47Germany|Weimar}} 44½
1931 4th Chess Olympiad Czechoslovakia}} Prague, CzechoslovakiaUnited States|1912}} 48Poland|1928}} 47Czechoslovakia}} 46½
1933 5th Chess Olympiad United Kingdom}} Folkestone, United KingdomUnited States|1912}} 39Czechoslovakia}} 37½Sweden}} 34
1935 6th Chess Olympiad Poland|1928}} Warsaw, PolandUnited States|1912}} 54Sweden}} 52½Poland|1928}} 52
1936 3rd unofficial Chess Olympiad
non-FIDE unofficial Chess Olympiad 		Germany|Nazi}} Munich, GermanyHungary|1940}} 110½Poland|1928}} 108Germany|Nazi}} 106½
1937 7th Chess Olympiad Sweden}} Stockholm, SwedenUnited States|1912}} 54½Hungary|1940}} 48½Poland|1928}} 47
1939 8th Chess Olympiad Argentina}} Buenos Aires, ArgentinaGermany|Nazi}} 36Poland|1928}} 35½Estonia}} 33½
1950 9th Chess Olympiad Yugoslavia}} Dubrovnik, YugoslaviaYugoslavia}} 45½Argentina}} 43½West Germany}} 40½
1952 10th Chess Olympiad Finland}} Helsinki, FinlandSoviet Union|1936}} 21Argentina}} 19½Yugoslavia}} 19
1954 11th Chess Olympiad Netherlands}} Amsterdam, NetherlandsSoviet Union|1936}} 34Argentina}} 27Yugoslavia}} 26½
1956 12th Chess Olympiad Soviet Union|1955}} Moscow, Soviet UnionSoviet Union|1955}} 31Yugoslavia}} 26½Hungary|1949}} 26½
1958 13th Chess Olympiad Germany}} Munich, West GermanySoviet Union|1955}} 34½Yugoslavia}} 29Argentina}} 25½
1960 14th Chess Olympiad East Germany}} Leipzig, East GermanySoviet Union|1955}} 34United States}} 29Yugoslavia}} 27
1962 15th Chess Olympiad Bulgaria|1946}} Varna, BulgariaSoviet Union|1955}} 31½Yugoslavia}} 28Argentina}} 26
1964 16th Chess Olympiad Israel}} Tel Aviv, IsraelSoviet Union|1955}} 36½Yugoslavia}} 32West Germany}} 30½
1966 17th Chess Olympiad Cuba}} Havana, CubaSoviet Union|1955}} 39½United States}} 34½Hungary}} 33½
1968 18th Chess Olympiad Switzerland}} Lugano, SwitzerlandSoviet Union|1955}} 39½Yugoslavia}} 31Bulgaria|1946}} 30
1970 19th Chess Olympiad Germany}} Siegen, West GermanySoviet Union|1955}} 27½Hungary}} 26½Yugoslavia}} 26
1972 20th Chess Olympiad Yugoslavia}} Skopje, YugoslaviaSoviet Union|1955}} 42Hungary}} 40½Yugoslavia}} 38
1974 21st Chess Olympiad France}} Nice, FranceSoviet Union|1955}} 46Yugoslavia}} 37½United States}} 36½
1976 22nd Chess Olympiad * Israel}} Haifa, IsraelUnited States}} 37Netherlands}} 36½England}} 35½
1976 Against Chess Olympiad Libya|1972}} Tripoli, LibyaEl Salvador}} 38½Tunisia|1959}} 36Pakistan}} 34½
1978 23rd Chess Olympiad Argentina}} Buenos Aires, ArgentinaHungary}} 37Soviet Union|1955}} 36United States}} 35
1980 24th Chess Olympiad Malta}} Valletta, MaltaSoviet Union}} 39Hungary}} 39Yugoslavia}} 35
1982 25th Chess Olympiad Switzerland}} Lucerne, SwitzerlandSoviet Union}} 42½Czechoslovakia}} 36United States}} 35
1984 26th Chess Olympiad Greece}} Thessaloniki, GreeceSoviet Union}} 41England}} 37United States}} 35
1986 27th Chess Olympiad UAE}} Dubai, United Arab EmiratesSoviet Union}} 40England}} 39United States}} 38
1988 28th Chess Olympiad Greece}} Thessaloniki, GreeceSoviet Union}} 40½England}} 34½Netherlands}} 34½
1990 29th Chess Olympiad Yugoslavia}} Novi Sad, YugoslaviaSoviet Union}} 39United States}} 35½England}} 35½
1992 30th Chess Olympiad Philippines|1986}} Manila, PhilippinesRussia|1991}} 39Uzbekistan}} 35Armenia}} 34½
1994 31st Chess Olympiad Russia}} Moscow, RussiaRussia}} 37½Bosnia and Herzegovina|1992}} 35Russia|name=Russia "B"}} 34½
1996 32nd Chess Olympiad Armenia}} Yerevan, ArmeniaRussia}} 38½Ukraine}} 35United States}} 34
1998 33rd Chess Olympiad Russia}} Elista, RussiaRussia}} 35½United States}} 34½Ukraine}} 32½
2000 34th Chess Olympiad Turkey}} Istanbul, TurkeyRussia}} 38Germany}} 37Ukraine}} 35½
2002 35th Chess Olympiad Slovenia}} Bled, SloveniaRussia}} 38½Hungary}} 37½Armenia}} 35
2004 36th Chess Olympiad Spain}} Calvià, SpainUkraine}} 39½Russia}} 36½Armenia}} 36½
2006 37th Chess Olympiad Italy}} Turin, ItalyArmenia}} 36China}} 34United States}} 33
2008 38th Chess Olympiad Germany}} Dresden, GermanyArmenia}} 19Israel}} 18United States}} 17
2010 39th Chess Olympiad Russia}} Khanty-Mansiysk, RussiaUkraine}} 19Russia}} 18Israel}} 17
2012 40th Chess Olympiad Turkey}} Istanbul, TurkeyArmenia}} 19Russia}} 19Ukraine}} 18
2014 41st Chess Olympiad Norway}} Tromsø, NorwayChina}} 19Hungary}} 17India}} 17
2016 42nd Chess Olympiad Azerbaijan}} Baku, AzerbaijanUnited States}} 20Ukraine}} 20Russia}} 18
2018 43rd Chess Olympiad Georgia}} Batumi, GeorgiaChina}} 18United States}} 18Russia}} 18
2020 44th Chess Olympiad Russia}} Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia[24]
2022 45th Chess Olympiad Belarus}} Minsk, Belarus
  • In 1976, the {{flag|Soviet Union|1955}}, other communist countries and Arabic countries did not compete for political reasons.
  • Starting from 2008, the first criterion for determining ranking is match point instead of board point. Team scores 2 points for a win, 1 point for a draw and 0 points for a loss (that is, a 4-0 win or 2.5-1.5 win will get the same match point).

Total team ranking

The table contains the Open teams ranked by the medals won at the Chess Olympiad (not including the unofficial events), ranked by the number of first place medals, ties broken by second-place medals, etc.

{{Medals table
| caption =
| host =
| flag_template = flagcountry
| event =
| team =
| gold_URS = 18 | silver_URS = 1 | bronze_URS = 0
| gold_USA = 6 | silver_USA = 6 | bronze_USA = 8
| gold_RUS = 6 | silver_RUS = 3 | bronze_RUS = 3
| gold_HUN = 3 | silver_HUN = 7 | bronze_HUN = 2
| gold_ARM = 3 | silver_ARM = 0 | bronze_ARM = 3
| gold_UKR = 2 | silver_UKR = 2 | bronze_UKR = 3
| gold_CHN = 2 | silver_CHN = 1 | bronze_CHN = 0
| gold_YUG = 1 | silver_YUG = 6 | bronze_YUG = 6
| gold_POL = 1 | silver_POL = 2 | bronze_POL = 3
| gold_GER = 1 | silver_GER = 1 | bronze_GER = 3
| gold_ENG = 0 | silver_ENG = 3 | bronze_ENG = 3
| gold_ARG = 0 | silver_ARG = 3 | bronze_ARG = 2
| gold_CSK = 0 | silver_CSK = 2 | bronze_CSK = 1
| gold_ISR = 0 | silver_ISR = 1 | bronze_ISR = 1
| gold_NED = 0 | silver_NED = 1 | bronze_NED = 1
| gold_SWE = 0 | silver_SWE = 1 | bronze_SWE = 1
| gold_BIH = 0 | silver_BIH = 1 | bronze_BIH = 0
| gold_DEN = 0 | silver_DEN = 1 | bronze_DEN = 0
| gold_UZB = 0 | silver_UZB = 1 | bronze_UZB = 0
| gold_BUL = 0 | silver_BUL = 0 | bronze_BUL = 1
| gold_EST = 0 | silver_EST = 0 | bronze_EST = 1
| gold_IND = 0 | silver_IND = 0 | bronze_IND = 1
}}

Best individual results in the open section

The best individual results in order of overall percentage are:


Rank
 Player       Country       Ol. Gms.   +    =    –   %   Medals    Number
of medals
  1 Mikhail|Tal}}Soviet Union}}8101  65  34   2 81.25 – 2 – 07
  2 Anatoly|Karpov}}Soviet Union}}668  43  23   2 80.13 – 2 – 05
  3 Tigran|Petrosian}}Soviet Union}}10129  78  50   1 79.86 – 0 – 06
  4 Isaac|Kashdan}}USA}}579  52  22   5 79.72 – 1 – 25
  5 Vasily|Smyslov}}Soviet Union}}9113  69  42   2 79.64 – 2 – 28
  6 David|Bronstein}}Soviet Union}}449  30  18   1 79.63 – 1 – 04
  7 Garry|Kasparov}}Soviet Union}} (4) / {{flag|Russia}} (4)882  50  29   3 78.77 – 2 – 211
  8 Alexander|Alekhine}}France}}572  43  27   2 78.52 – 2 – 04
  9 Milan|Matulović}}Yugoslavia}}678  46  28   4 76.91 – 2 – 03
10 Paul|Keres}}Estonia}} (3) / {{flag|Soviet Union}} (7)10141  85  44  12 75.95 – 1 – 17
11Efim|Geller}}Soviet Union}}776  46  23   7 75.63 – 3 – 06
12James|Tarjan}}USA}}551  32  13   6 75.52 – 1 – 03
13Bobby|Fischer}}USA}}465  40  18   7 75.40 – 2 – 13
14Mikhail|Botvinnik}}Soviet Union}}673  39  31   3 74.72 – 1 – 25
15Sergey|Karjakin}}Ukraine}} (3) / {{flag|Russia}} (2)547  24  22   1 74.72 – 0 – 13
16 Salo|Flohr}}Czechoslovakia}}782  46  28   8 73.22 – 1 – 14
Notes
  • Only players participating to at least four Olympiads are included in this table.
  • Medals indicated are only individual ones (not team), in the order gold - silver - bronze.
  • Garry Kasparov played his first four Olympiads for the Soviet Union, the rest for Russia. His four gold medals are one for best-rating performance (first introduced at Thessaloniki 1984) and three for best score on first board.
  • Paul Keres played his first three Olympiads for Estonia, the rest for the Soviet Union.
  • Sergey Karjakin played his first three Olympiads for Ukraine, the rest for Russia
{{clear}}

See also

{{portal|Chess}}{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
  • Women's Chess Olympiad
  • World Team Chess Championship
  • European Team Chess Championship
  • World Chess Championship
  • Women's World Chess Championship
  • Russia (USSR) vs Rest of the World
  • European Chess Club Cup
  • World Mind Sports Games
  • Mind Sports Organisation
  • Correspondence Chess Olympiad
{{div col end}}

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{citation|author=Brace, Edward R.|year=1977|title=An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess|publisher=Hamlyn Publishing Group|isbn=1-55521-394-4|page=64}}
2. ^[https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/siliconvalley/lab/7378/fide.htm&date=2009-10-25+09:50:00 FIDE History] by Bill Wall. Retrieved 2 May 2008.
3. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/code-signatories|title=Code Signatories|website=World Anti-Doping Agency|accessdate=16 October 2017}}
4. ^Complete FIDE Anti-Doping Documents FIDE official website. Retrieved 2 May 2008.
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.fide.com/component/content/article/1-fide-news/7189-chess-wada-anti-doping-policy-nutrition-and-health.html|title=Chess WADA – Anti-Doping Policy, Nutrition and Health|first=|last=AM|website=www.fide.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}
6. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20080517071533/http://www.chesscenter.com/twic/drugslet.html Open letter from 50 players on drug testing (Web Archive)]
7. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/controversy-over-fide-doping-check|title=Controversy over FIDE doping check|date=27 October 2002|publisher=|accessdate=16 October 2017}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.chessbase.com/post/controversy-over-fide-doping-check|title=Controversy over FIDE doping check|date=27 October 2002|publisher=|accessdate=16 October 2017}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2002/11/04/stories/2002110402091800.htm|title=The Hindu : Indian men beat U.S.|website=www.thehindu.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/outrage-over-ivanchuk-the-great-chess-doping-scandal-a-595819.html|title=Outrage Over Ivanchuk: The Great Chess Doping Scandal|first=Maik|last=Grossekathöfer|date=11 December 2008|publisher=|accessdate=16 October 2017|via=Spiegel Online}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chess.com/blog/billwall/drug-testing-and-chess|title=Top Chess Blogs - Chess.com|website=Chess.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.doping.nl/media/kb/2656/Miller_Panel.pdf|title=Decision of the FIDE Doping Hearing Panel (Miller)|publisher=|accessdate=16 October 2017}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.doping.nl/media/kb/2655/FIDE%202004_Shaun%20Press_Decision.pdf|title=Decision of the FIDE Doping Hearing Panel (Press)|publisher=|accessdate=16 October 2017}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fide.com/component/content/article/1-fide-news/3704-decision-of-the-fide-doping-hearing-panel|title=Decision of the FIDE Doping Hearing Panel|website=www.fide.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}
15. ^[https://www.fide.com/images/stories/NEWS_2011/fide_news/Annexes/Minutes_of_FIDE_GA_2010.pdf Minutes of 2010 FIDE General Assembly] (page 24)
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.interfax.ru/sport/481285|title=ФИДЕ и ВАДА будут совместно выявлять допинг в шахматах|date=24 November 2015|publisher=|accessdate=16 October 2017}}
17. ^FIDE submits regulation changes for Chess Olympiad Fide.com
18. ^{{cite news | title="Body and mind games" New In Chess, July 2012 (2012/7), 67–70}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://streathambrixtonchess.blogspot.com/2012/11/lets-talk-about-nigel.html|title=The Streatham & Brixton Chess Blog: Let's talk about Nigel|first=|last=Ejh|date=26 November 2012|publisher=|accessdate=16 October 2017}}
20. ^{{cite news | title="A Tale of Two Swamps" New In Chess, July 2010 (2010/7), 54ff}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2014/aug/15/deaths-world-chess-olympiad-norway|title=Two players die at world chess event in Norway|first=Esther|last=Addley|date=15 August 2014|publisher=|accessdate=16 October 2017|via=www.theguardian.com}}
22. ^Nigel Freeman Career History (hosting of Bermuda Party) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125191419/http://www.onefide.com/one-team/nigel-freeman |date=November 25, 2015 }}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://streathambrixtonchess.blogspot.com.au/2014/08/death-does-not-become-us.html|title=The Streatham & Brixton Chess Blog: Death does not become us|first=|last=Ejh|date=19 August 2014|publisher=|accessdate=16 October 2017}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fide.com/component/content/article/1-fide-news/9526-fide-presidential-board-meeting-held-in-moscow.html|title=FIDE Presidential Board meeting held in Moscow|first=|last=AM|website=www.fide.com|accessdate=16 October 2017}}

External links

  • FIDE Handbook: Chess Olympiads
  • OlimpBase: Chess Olympiads
{{Chess Olympiads}}{{Chess}}

4 : Chess Olympiads|Recurring sporting events established in 1924|Biennial sporting events|Chess competitions
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