| 词条 | Friedrich Christiansen |
| 释义 |
| honorific_prefix = | name = Friedrich Christiansen | image = File:07-20-1948 04997 "Verboden wandeling" (34284404732).jpg | image_size = | image_upright = | smallimage = | alt = | caption = Christiansen under police escort, 1948 | order = | office = Wehrmachtbefehlshaber in the Netherlands | term_start = 29 May 1940 | term_end = 7 April 1945 | predecessor = Office established | successor = Office abolished | prior_term = | office2 = Korpsführer of the NSFK | term_start2 = 5 April 1937 | term_end2 = 26 June 1943 | predecessor2 = Office established | successor2 = Alfred Keller | pronunciation = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1879|12|12}} | birth_place = Wyk auf Föhr, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1972|12|3|1879|12|12}} | death_place = Aukrug, West Germany | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | spouse = | children = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = | profession = | signature = | signature_alt = | website = | nickname = | allegiance ={{flag|German Empire}} {{flag|Weimar Republic}} {{flag|Nazi Germany}} | branch = Imperial German Navy Luftwaffe | serviceyears = 1914–19, 1934–45 | rank = Kapitän zur See (Navy) General der Flieger (Luftwaffe) | unit = | commands = 25th Army | battles = World War I World War II | mawards = Pour le Mérite | footnotes = }} Friedrich Christiansen (12 December 1879 – 3 December 1972) was the commander of the German Wehrmacht in the occupied Netherlands during World War II. He was convicted for war crimes after the war. During World War I, he was flying ace who claimed shooting down twenty planes and an airship; he was credited with thirteen{{sfn|Guttman|2003|p=19}} of those claims. Early lifeHe was born in Wyk auf Föhr, Province of Schleswig-Holstein, into an old seafaring family, the son of a sea captain. The generations-long seafaring tradition within his family charted an obvious course for his future. In 1895 he joined the merchant marine, serving for 7 years{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} and volunteering in 1901 for MTBs.[1] After one year, he returned to the merchant marine, serving several years aboard the 5-masted Preussen (at the time, the largest sailing ship in the world,) as Second Officer.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} In 1913 he decided to deviate from this career, and learned to fly. Having graduated and gaining licence No. 707, he became a flying instructor at a civilian flying school.[1] Service during World War IIn August 1914, Christiansen was called up and posted to Zeebrugge as naval aviator. He flew Hansa-Brandenburg W.12 seaplanes over the North Sea, the English Channel, and Britain. For his bombing missions on Dover and Ramsgate, he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class. From 1915 to 1916 Christiansen went on numerous reconnaissance and bombing missions, helping to make his unit at Zeebrugge one of the most successful in the German Naval Air Service. On 27 April 1916, as Leutnant der Matrosen Artillerie (Lieutenant of Naval Artillery,) Christiansen was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class and Knights Cross with Swords of the House Order of Hohenzollern.[1] Christiansen claimed his first air-to-air victory 15 May 1917 by shooting down a Sopwith Pup off Dover. On 1 September 1917 he took command of Naval Air Station at Zeebrugge, and being promoted to Oberleutnant zur See, shot down a Porte FB2 Baby off Felixstowe the same day. On 11 December 1917 he shot down the non-rigid coastal class airship C-27, Cdr. Flight Lieutenant John Francis Dixon, DSC, near the Belgian coast.[2] Christiansen continued to carry out reconnaissance, rescue, and bombing missions, such that by December 1917, he had completed 440 missions,{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} including shooting down Airship C27. At this time he was also awarded the Pour le Mérite ("Blue Max"), the first of only three given to naval aviators and the only one to a seaplane pilot.[3] He was promoted to Kapitänleutnant in 1918.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} On 15 February 1918 Christiansen shot down a Curtiss H12B flying boat off Felixstowe, followed by 2 more on 24 April and 25 April. In June he claimed three more Felixstowe F2As. On 6 July he surprised and damaged British submarine {{HMS|C25}} in the Thames estuary, killing its captain and five crewmen (the submarine reached harbour). By 11 November 1918 he raised his personal tally to 13,[4] as well as some shared victories, which cumulatively may have brought his total to 21.[5] Activity between warsFollowing the German Revolution of late 1918, Christiansen was a member of the 3rd Marinebrigade commanded by Wilfried von Loewenfeld. In 1922 Christiansen was active again in the merchant marine, as ship's captain. He continued in this pursuit until 1929, when he was employed as a pilot by the Claude Dornier Company. While with Dornier, he flew what was at the time the largest seaplane in the world, the Dornier Do X on its maiden Atlantic flight to New York in 1930.[6] Christiansen's distinguished career led him eventually to being called to a post in the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM/Reich Aviation Ministry) from 1933 to 1937, and in 1936 he was promoted to Generalmajor. On 15 April 1937 he was appointed Korpsführer of the National Socialist Flyers Corps, or NSFK.[6] He was also promoted to Generalleutnant. On 1 January 1939 he was named General der Flieger.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Service during World War IIFrom 29 May 1940 until 7 April 1945 Christiansen was Wehrmachtbefehlshaber in den Niederlanden (Supreme Commander of the Wehrmacht in the Netherlands), and until 26 June 1943 was concurrently still Korpsführer of the NSFK. In addition, from 10 November 1944 until 28 January 1945 supreme commander of the 25th Army. Christiansen also was responsible for the food embargo in winter 1944, causing famine in western Holland resulting in the death of 22000 civilian men, women and children. After the war Christiansen was arrested for war crimes. On 2 October 1944 he had ordered a raid on the village of Putten in Gelderland, the Netherlands, in retaliation, after one of his officers, a Leutnant Sommers, was killed there by the Dutch resistance. When he heard about the actions of the resistance near Putten, Christiansen is reported to have said, "Das ganze Nest muss angesteckt werden und die ganze Bande an die Wand gestellt!" ("Put them all against the wall and burn the place down!") In compliance with this retributive sentiment, several members of the civilian population were shot, the village was burned, and 661 of the males of the town were deported to labor camps, the vast majority of whom never returned. Christiansen was sentenced to 12 years imprisonment in 1948 in Arnhem for war crimes but was released in December 1951. He died in Aukrug in 1972. His release from imprisonment in 1951 was an occasion for his native town, Wyk auf Föhr, to renew Christiansen's honorary citizenship and reinstate a street name in his honor, previously changed by the British military administration in 1945. These honors sparked controversies in Germany and the Netherlands and they were revoked in 1980 by the town council.[7][8] Decorations and awards
Sources
References1. ^1 2 Franks et al., p. 92 2. ^Franks et al., pp. 92-93 3. ^O'Connor, p. 50 4. ^The Aerodrome forum 5. ^{{cite book| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=X-YiU-PJ0ogC&pg=PA72&dq=friedrich+christiansen&hl=de&ei=F7d-TOWMENS5jAeA9PHyCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBTgo#v=onepage&q=friedrich%20christiansen&f=false |title=The Influence of Air Power upon History |first=Walter J. |last=Boyne |year=2003 |publisher=Pelican Publishing |isbn=978-1-58980-034-2 |page=72| quote=Christiansen, who had 21 victories... and sank a British submarine.}} 6. ^1 Franks et al., p. 93 7. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.nordfriiskinstituut.de/148.pdf |title=Versöhnung nach 60 Jahren. Repräsentanten der Gemeinde Putten besuchten erstmals offiziell Wyk auf Föhr |first=Heinz |last=Lorenzen |language=German |journal=Nordfriesland |publisher=Nordfriisk Instituut |location=Bredstedt |year=2004 |issue=148 |pages=9–10}} 8. ^{{cite news|title=Die Wyker und ihr General |first=Jörg |last=Reckmann |work=Die Zeit |date=28 March 1980 |language=German |url=http://www.zeit.de/1980/14/die-wyker-und-ihr-general/}} External links
14 : 1879 births|1972 deaths|People from Wyk auf Föhr|German World War I flying aces|Imperial German Navy personnel|Luftwaffe World War II generals|People from the Province of Schleswig-Holstein|Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class)|Knights of the House Order of Hohenzollern|Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 1st class|Nazis who served in World War I|Generals of Aviators|20th-century Freikorps personnel|German military personnel of World War II |
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