“Chimayo, New Mexico”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Chimayó is a census-designated place (CDP)^[1] in Rio Arriba and Santa Fe counties in the U.S. state of New Mexico; the name derives from a Tewa name for a local landmark, the hill of Tsi Mayoh.^[2]^[3] The town is unincorporated and includes many neighborhoods, called plazas or placitas, each with its own name, including El Potrero de Chimayó (the plaza near Chimayó's communal pasture) and the Plaza del Cerro (plaza by the hill).^[2]^[4]^[5] The cluster of plazas called Chimayó lies near Santa Cruz about 25 miles north of Santa Fe. The population was 3,177 at the 2010 census.

Features

The Potrero plaza of Chimayó is known internationally for a Catholic chapel, the Santuario de Nuestro Señor de Esquipulas, commonly known as El Santuario de Chimayó. A private individual built it by 1816 so that local people could worship Jesus as depicted at Esquipulas; preservationists bought it and handed it over to the Archdiocese of Santa Fe in 1929. The chapel is now managed by the Archdiocese as a Catholic church. For its reputation as a healing site (believers claim that dirt from a back room of the church can heal physical and spiritual ills), it has become known as the "Lourdes of America," and attracts close to 300,000 visitors a year, including up to 30,000 during Holy Week (the week prior to Easter). It has been called "no doubt the most important Catholic pilgrimage center in the United States."^[6] The sanctuary was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1970.

Chimayó is also known for the weaving traditions of the Ortega and Trujillo families, who have been weaving in the Spanish Colonial tradition for many generations and now operate weaving businesses near the Plaza del Cerro and in the placita of Centinela.^[7] Their traditional craft is but one of several still practiced in the region, including tin smithing, wood carving, and making religious paintings. These activities, along with the local architecture and the landscape of irrigated fields, create a historic ambiance that attracts much tourism.

Chimayó chile

The town is also famous for its heirloom chile, the Chimayo pepper (Capsicum annuum "Chimayo").^[8]^[9] In 2003 the Native Hispanic Institute's founder Marie Pilar Campos authored the Chimayo Chile Project^[10] to replenish the 300-year-old native seed stock and revive the industry. The Chimayo Chile Project began planting in the spring of 2005, which is the foundation of its ongoing seed-distribution services to local farmers. The project's job development operations were funded by the United States Office of Community Services^[11] from 2005 through 2008. As part of the project's work with the state to revive the industry, two joint memorials have passed the New Mexico State Legislature.^[8]^[9] The Chimayo Chile Project incorporated the local farmers, Chimayo Chile Farmers, Inc. Chimayo Chile Farmers, Inc. applied for the certification mark "Chimayo" with the USPTO in 2006 and was granted registration in 2009.^[12]

The 2008 New Mexico State Legislature, via New Mexico Department of Cultural Affairs, appropriated preservation support that resulted in the June 2009 publication, "Chimayo Chile, A Living History of Faith, Culture, and Art," written by Marie Pilar Campos of the Native Hispanic Institute.^[13]

Pop culture

Chimayó figures prominently in Now Eleanor's Idea, an opera by Robert Ashley.^[14] Ashley describes Chimayó in his foreword to the libretto as "the spiritual center of the lowrider world...Now Eleanor conceives of a television documentary program to study the exotic lowrider community...in the car shops" of Chimayó. Act II, Scene 2 is a recorded interview with Chimayó residents LowLow and Joan Medina.

Geography

Chimayó is located at {{coord|36|0|12|N|105|56|25|W|type:city}} (36.003247, -105.940244).^[15]

Chimayó is sited in a valley within the Sangre de Cristo Mountains 24 miles (38.4 km) north of Santa Fe. Chimayó is approximately 6075 ft above sea level.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 5.5 square miles (14.1 km²), all land.

Demographics

As of the census^[16] of 2000, there were 2,924 people, 1,150 households, and 808 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 535.9 people per square mile (206.8/km²). There were 1,323 housing units at an average density of 242.5 per square mile (93.6/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 48.60% White, 0.14% African American, 0.68% Native American, 0.07% Asian, 44.84% from other races, and 5.68% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 90.83% of the population.

There were 1,150 households out of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.3% were married couples living together, 15.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.7% were non-families. 26.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.05.

In the CDP, the population was spread out with 25.3% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.9 males.

The median income for a household in the CDP was $31,474, and the median income for a family was $35,938. Males had a median income of $28,009 versus $24,357 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $17,023. About 14.1% of families and 19.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.4% of those under age 18 and 28.6% of those age 65 or over.

Education

Chimayó has an elementary school, Chimayó Elementary, which is part of the Española Public Schools. Chimayó is part of Rio Arriba County. It also has two small private schools, the John Hyson Memorial School (Presbyterian, pre-kindergarten to sixth grade; closed in 2002) and the Camino de Paz School and Farm (Montessori, sixth to ninth grade).

Drug problem

Chimayó and nearby areas of Rio Arriba County are known for a half century of drug problems, including heroin distribution and usage, property crimes, record rates of deaths due to overdose, and large-scale federal drug raids. After a raid in 1999, much of the heroin traffic moved from Chimayó to the nearby town of Española.^[17]

References

1. ^http://censtats.census.gov/data/NM/1603514950.pdf
2. ^¹{{cite book | last = Usner | first = Donald J. | title = Sabino's Map: Life in Chimayó's Old Plaza | publisher = Museum of New Mexico Press | year = 1996}}
3. ^{{cite book | title = Sacred Places North America: 108 Destinations | author = Brad Olsen | publisher = CCC Publishing | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-1-888729-09-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3Dz8zuK2E5EC&pg=PA52&dq=chimay%C3%B3}}
4. ^{{cite book | title = The Historic Preservation Program for New Mexico | publisher = New Mexico State Planning Office | year = 1973 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=BLkLAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Potrero+de+Chimay%C3%B3%22&dq=%22Potrero+de+Chimay%C3%B3%22 }}
5. ^{{cite book | title = The Rancho de Chimayo Cookbook: The Traditional Cooking of New Mexico | last = Jamison | first = Cheryl Alters |author2=Jamison, Bill | publisher = Harvard Common Press | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-1-55832-035-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Xyh9oPNPRlEC&pg=PA23&dq=potrero+pasture+commons+chimay%C3%B3}}
6. ^{{cite web|title=New Mexico Office of the State Historian: Santuario de Chimayó |last=Wroth |first=William H |url=http://www.newmexicohistory.org/filedetails.php?fileID=505 |accessdate=2008-03-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718220710/http://www.newmexicohistory.org/filedetails.php?fileID=505 |archivedate=2011-07-18 |df= }}
7. ^{{cite news | last = Robbins | first = Catherine C. | date = 1982-07-18 | title = Shopper's World; Weavers of the Rio Grande | work = New York Times | url = https://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/18/travel/shopper-s-world-weavers-of-the-rio-grande.html?sec=travel&pagewanted=all | accessdate = 2008-03-23}}
8. ^¹{{cite web | title = Study Chimayo chile and history | year = 2005 | url = http://www.nmlegis.gov/Sessions/05Regular/Final/SJM031.pdf | accessdate = 2008-03-23}}
9. ^¹{{cite web | title = Chimayo chile farmers, in recognition | url = http://www.nmlegis.gov/Sessions/07Regular/Final/SJM035.pdf | accessdate = 2008-03-23}}
10. ^{{cite web | title = Native Hispanic Institute| url = http://www.nativehispanic.com }}
11. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/ocs/ | title=Home}}
12. ^{{cite web | title = Chimayo Chile Farmers, Inc., USPTO Certification Application| url = http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=78920649 }}
13. ^Campos, Marie Pilar, Chimayo Chile, A Living History of Faith, Culture, and Art, Native Hispanic Institute, June 2009, Library of Congress Control Number: 2009929762, {{ISBN|978-0-9840684-0-1}}
14. ^{{cite book |title= Now Eleanor's Idea |last= Ashley|first= Robert |year= 2007 |publisher= Lovely Music |location= New York |isbn= 978-0-9679974-4-5|pages= 5}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/gazette.html|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2011-04-23|date=2011-02-12|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://factfinder2.census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=2008-01-31 |title=American FactFinder |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911234518/http://factfinder2.census.gov/ |archivedate=2013-09-11 |df= }}
17. ^{{cite web | title = Lessons from New Mexico's War on Heroin | author = John Burnett | publisher = NPR | url = https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4804031 | date = August 18, 2005}}