| 词条 | Chlorophyta |
| 释义 |
| image = EB1911 Algae - Fig. 2.-Chlorophyceae.png | image_caption = Chlorophytes (A–F, H–L and O) | display_parents = 4 | taxon = Chlorophyta | authority = Reichenbach, 1828, emend. Pascher, 1914, emend. Lewis & McCourt, 2004[1][2][3] | subdivision_ranks = Classes[4] | subdivision =
| synonyms =
}}Chlorophyta or Prasinophyta is a taxon of green algae informally called chlorophytes.[6] The name is used in two very different senses, so care is needed to determine the use by a particular author. In older classification systems, it refers to a highly paraphyletic group of all the green algae within the green plants (Viridiplantae) and thus includes about 7,000 species[7][8] of mostly aquatic photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. In newer classifications, it refers to the sister of the streptophytes/charophytes. The clade Streptophyta consists of the Charophyta in which the Embryophyta emerged.[9][10] In this sense the Chlorophyta includes only about 4,300 species.[4] Like the land plants (bryophytes and tracheophytes), green algae contain chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b and store food as starch[7] in their plastids. The Chlorophyta contains both unicellular and multicellular species. Some members of the group form symbiotic relationships with protozoa, sponges, and cnidarians. Others form symbiotic relationships with fungi to form lichens, but the majority of species are free-living. Some conduct sexual reproduction, which is oogamous or isogamous. All members of the clade have motile flagellated swimming cells.[11] While most species live in freshwater habitats and a large number in marine habitats, other species are adapted to a wide range of land environments. For example, Chlamydomonas nivalis, which causes Watermelon snow, lives on summer alpine snowfields. Others, such as Trentepohlia species, live attached to rocks or woody parts of trees. Monostroma kuroshiense, an edible green alga cultivated worldwide and most expensive among green algae, belongs to this group. EcologySpecies of Chlorophyta (treated as what is now considered one of the two main clades of Viridiplantae) are common inhabitants of marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments.[12][13] Several species have adapted to specialised and extreme environments, such as deserts, arctic environments, hypersaline habitats, marine deep waters and deep-sea hydrothermal vents. [14][15][16] Some groups, such as the Trentepohliales are exclusively found on land.[17] Several species of Chlorophyta live in symbiosis with a diverse range of eukaryotes, including fungi (to form lichens), ciliates, forams, cnidarians and molluscs. [13] Some species of Chlorophyta are heterotrophic, either free-living or parasitic.[18][19] Two common species of the heterotrophic green alga Prototheca are pathogenic and can cause the disease protothecosis in humans and animals.[20]Classifications{{Further|Wikispecies:Chlorophyta}}Characteristics used for the classification of Chlorophyta are: type of zoid, mitosis (karyokynesis), cytokinesis, organization level, life cycle, type of gametes, cell wall polysaccharides[21] and more recently genetic data. PhylogenyA newer proposed classification follows Leliaert et al. 2011[16] and modified with Silar 2016,[22] Leliaert 2016[23] and Lopes dos Santos et al. 2017[24] for the green algae clades and Novíkov & Barabaš-Krasni 2015[25] for the land plants clade. Sánchez-Baracaldo et al. is followed for the basal clades.[26][27][28] {{clade|{{clade|1={{clade |1=Mesostigmatophyceae |2={{clade |1=Spirotaenia |2=Chlorokybophyceae }} |2={{clade |label1=Chlorophyta/ |sublabel1=Prasinophyta |1={{clade |label1=Palmophyllophyceae|sublabel1=(Prasinophyceae s.s.) |1={{clade |1=Prasinococcales ("prasinophyte clade VI") |2=Palmophyllales |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Pyramimonadophyceae ("prasinophyte clade I") |2=Mamiellophyceae ("prasinophyte clade II") |2={{clade |1=Nephroselmidophyceae ("prasinophyte clade III") |2={{clade |1=?Pycnococcaceae ("prasinophyte clade V") |2=Picocystophyceae ("prasinophyte clade VII C") |3={{clade |1=Chloropicophyceae ("prasinophyte clade VII A/B") |label2=Tetraphytina |2={{clade |1=Pedinophyceae |label2=Chlorophytina |2={{clade |1=Chlorodendrophyceae ("prasinophyte clade IV") |2={{clade |1=Trebouxiophyceae |2={{clade |1=Ulvophyceae |2=Chlorophyceae }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |label2=Streptophyta/ |sublabel2=Charophyta |2={{clade |1=Klebsormidiophyta |label2=Phragmoplastophyta |2={{clade |1= Charophyta (stoneworts) |2={{clade |1=?Chaetosphaeridiales |2=Coleochaetophyta |3={{clade |1={{clade |1=Zygnematophyta |2=Mesotaeniaceae }} |2=Embryophyte (Land plants) }} }} }} }} }} }}|style=font-size:80%;line-height:80%|label1=Plantae/|sublabel1=Green Algae}} Leliaert et al. 2012Simplified phylogeny of the Chlorophyta, according to Leliaert et al. 2012.[13] Note that many algae previously classified in Chlorophyta are placed here in Streptophyta.
Pombert et al. 2005A possible classification when Chlorophyta refers to one of the two clades of the Viridiplantae is shown below.[29]
Lewis & McCourt 2004
Hoek, Mann and Jahns 1995Classification of the Chlorophyta, treated as all green algae, according to Hoek, Mann and Jahns 1995.[7]
In a note added in proof, an alternative classification is presented for the algae of the class Chlorophyceae:
Bold and Wynne 1985Classification of the Chlorophyta and Charophyta according to Bold and Wynne 1985.[30]
Mattox & Stewart 1984Classification of the Chlorophyta according to Mattox & Stewart 1984:[31]
Fott 1971Classification of the Chlorophyta according to Fott 1971.[7]{{rp|483}}
Round 1971Classification of the Chlorophyta and related algae according to Round 1971.[32]
Smith 1938Classification of the Chlorophyta according to Smith 1938:
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Benjamin Cummings (Pearson), San Francisco, CA 13. ^1 2 {{cite journal | vauthors = Leliaert F, Smith DR, Moreau H, Herron MD, Verbruggen H, Delwiche CF, De Clerck O |year=2012 |title=Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the green algae |url=http://images.algaebase.org/pdf/5628E58F0ecc431F0CsJm2B04CAD/49951.pdf |doi=10.1080/07352689.2011.615705 |journal=Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences |volume=31 |pages=1–46 }} 14. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Lewis LA, Lewis PO | title = Unearthing the molecular phylodiversity of desert soil green algae (Chlorophyta) | journal = Systematic Biology | volume = 54 | issue = 6 | pages = 936–47 | date = December 2005 | pmid = 16338765 | doi = 10.1080/10635150500354852 }} 15. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = De Wever A, Leliaert F, Verleyen E, Vanormelingen P, Van der Gucht K, Hodgson DA, Sabbe K, Vyverman W | title = Hidden levels of phylodiversity in Antarctic green algae: further evidence for the existence of glacial refugia | journal = Proceedings. 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Phytopathol. |volume=9 |pages=45–64 |year=1971 |doi=10.1146/annurev.py.09.090171.000401}} 19. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Nedelcu AM | title = Complex patterns of plastid 16S rRNA gene evolution in nonphotosynthetic green algae | journal = Journal of Molecular Evolution | volume = 53 | issue = 6 | pages = 670–9 | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11677627 | doi = 10.1007/s002390010254 | bibcode = 2001JMolE..53..670N }} 20. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Tartar A, Boucias DG, Adams BJ, Becnel JJ | title = Phylogenetic analysis identifies the invertebrate pathogen Helicosporidium sp. as a green alga (Chlorophyta) | journal = International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology | volume = 52 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 273–9 | date = January 2002 | pmid = 11837312 | doi = 10.1099/00207713-52-1-273 }} 21. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Lobban | first1 = Christopher S. | last2 = Wynne | first2 = Michael James | name-list-format = vanc | year = 1981 | title = The Biology of Seaweeds. | series = Botanical Monograph Series 17. | publisher = University of California Press | page = 88 }} 22. ^{{citation | date=2016| author = Silar, Philippe| title = Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes| url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01263138| volume= |issue= |pages=1–462 |journal=HAL Archives-ouvertes | doi=}} 23. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Leliaert F, Tronholm A, Lemieux C, Turmel M, DePriest MS, Bhattacharya D, Karol KG, Fredericq S, Zechman FW, Lopez-Bautista JM | title = Chloroplast phylogenomic analyses reveal the deepest-branching lineage of the Chlorophyta, Palmophyllophyceae class. nov | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 25367 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 27157793 | pmc = 4860620 | doi = 10.1038/srep25367 | bibcode = 2016NatSR...625367L }} 24. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Lopes Dos Santos A, Pollina T, Gourvil P, Corre E, Marie D, Garrido JL, Rodríguez F, Noël MH, Vaulot D, Eikrem W | title = Chloropicophyceae, a new class of picophytoplanktonic prasinophytes | journal = Scientific Reports | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 14019 | date = October 2017 | pmid = 29070840 | pmc = 5656628 | doi = 10.1038/s41598-017-12412-5 | bibcode = 2017NatSR...714019L }} 25. ^{{cite book | first1 = Andrew | last1 = Novikoff | first2 = Beata | last2 = Barabasz-Krasny | name-list-format = vanc | year=2015 | title=Modern plant systematics | journal= | volume= | issue= | pages=685 | publisher=Liga-Pres| isbn=978-966-397-276-3 |doi=10.13140/RG.2.1.4745.6164}} 26. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Sánchez-Baracaldo P, Raven JA, Pisani D, Knoll AH | title = Early photosynthetic eukaryotes inhabited low-salinity habitats | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 114 | issue = 37 | pages = E7737–E7745 | date = September 2017 | pmid = 28808007 | pmc = 5603991 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1620089114 }} 27. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Gitzendanner MA, Soltis PS, Wong GK, Ruhfel BR, Soltis DE | title = Plastid phylogenomic analysis of green plants: A billion years of evolutionary history | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 105 | issue = 3 | pages = 291–301 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29603143 | doi = 10.1002/ajb2.1048 }} 28. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Rockwell NC, Martin SS, Li FW, Mathews S, Lagarias JC | title = The phycocyanobilin chromophore of streptophyte algal phytochromes is synthesized by HY2 | journal = The New Phytologist | volume = 214 | issue = 3 | pages = 1145–1157 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28106912 | pmc = 5388591 | doi = 10.1111/nph.14422 }} 29. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Pombert JF, Otis C, Lemieux C, Turmel M | title = The chloroplast genome sequence of the green alga Pseudendoclonium akinetum (Ulvophyceae) reveals unusual structural features and new insights into the branching order of chlorophyte lineages | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 22 | issue = 9 | pages = 1903–18 | date = September 2005 | pmid = 15930151 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msi182 }} 30. ^{{Cite book | vauthors = Bold HC, Wynne MJ |year=1985 |title=Introduction to the algae : structure and reproduction |edition=2nd |location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J. |publisher=Prentice-Hall |isbn=978-0-13-477746-7 }} 31. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book | vauthors = Mattox KR, Stewart KD | date = 1984 | chapter = Classification of the green algae: a concept based on comparative cytology.| pages = 29–72 | veditors = Irvine DE, John DM | title = The systematics of Green Algae | collaboration = The Systematics Association | volume = 27 | publisher = Academic Press | location = London }} 32. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Round FE | year = 1971 | title = The taxonomy of the Chlorophyta, 2 | journal = Brit. Phycol. J. | volume = 6 | issue = 2| pages = 235–264 | doi=10.1080/00071617100650261}} Further reading{{Wikispecies|Chlorophyta}}{{Commons category|Chlorophyta}}{{refbegin}}
2 : Chlorophyta|Plant divisions |
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