| 词条 | Chris Brand |
| 释义 |
|name = Christopher Richard Brand |image = |image_size = |caption = |birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1943|06|01}} |birth_place = Preston, United Kingdom |death_date = {{death date and age|2017|5|28|1943|06|1|df=y}}[1] |residence = |citizenship = British |field = Psychometrics |work_institution = formerly University of Edinburgh |alma_mater = University of Oxford |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = Inspection time as a correlate of intelligence, General Intelligence and Its Implications |prizes = }}Christopher Richard Brand (1 June 1943 – 28 May 2017) was a British psychological and psychometric researcher who gained media attention for his statements on race and intelligence and paedophilia.[1] Brand was a proponent of IQ testing and the general intelligence factor and was "a major influence in the spread of influence of inspection time as a theoretically interesting correlate of psychometric intelligence," according to Ian Deary and Pauline Smith in the International Handbook of Intelligence, edited by Robert Sternberg.[2][3] Deary and Smith report the correlation of inspection time with psychometric intelligence is currently considered to be .4.[4] The 25th anniversary of the original discovery of this relationship was observed in 2001 by a special issue of Intelligence.[5] Confirmation of Brand's claim of a specially high IT/IQ correlation in the low-IQ range was provided in Tucker-Drob, 2009, Developmental Psychology (psychometrics). Life and careerBrand was born in Preston, England on 1 June 1943. He went to Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School for Boys, and was a graduate of The Queen's College, Oxford, and a 1968–1970 Fellow of Nuffield College, Oxford. He was a Lecturer at University of Edinburgh, from 1970 to 1997, teaching in personality, psychopathology and philosophical problems and researching in factorial psychology. In the 1980s he served on the United Kingdom's Council for National Academic Awards. His 1996 book The g Factor garnered considerable media attention with its claim that inherited general intelligence was like psychological money. Brand wrote that general intelligence is an important factor in determining life outcomes for those with lower scores. He attributed socio-economic differences among people of African descent to differences in general intelligence. Brand was a Fellow of the Galton Institute. From 2000 to 2004, Brand was a research consultant to the CRACK programme based in Baltimore, Maryland, which pays drug-addicted mothers $200 to be sterilised.[6] He wrote articles for American Renaissance and The Occidental Quarterly. He also wrote a blog, IQ & PC. His review of Buchanan's Playing with Fire was published in the journal Intelligence in 2011.[7] Brand had three children. He married his third wife in 2001. He died on 28 May 2017.[8] Published positionsRace and IQBrand's discussion of the disparity between races in average cognitive ability test scores has caused controversy, especially because of his support for the hereditarian hypothesis of such differences. Brand referred to himself as a race realist and has been called a "scientific racist."[9][10] His views were those of the classical 'London School' of psychology—other prominent members are professors Richard Lynn and Phil Rushton. Race, IQ and womenBrand's most controversial views generated headlines in April 1996, when he was quoted in the Independent on Sunday recommending that "low-IQ girls" be "encouraged to have sex with higher-IQ boys" rather than with their more usual low-IQ companions (which would result in genetic deterioration). "There are plenty of intelligent African men for black girls to be having sex with,"[11] he said, but added that blacks probably needed to allow polygamy.[12] Brand also wrote that "women are inclined to deceitful promiscuity" and that Sigmund Freud was therefore right to ascribe weaker super-egos to women than to men. His 1996 book General Intelligence and Its Implications led to accusations of scientific racism and sexism, and his university lectures were protested and closed by the Anti-Nazi League of Edinburgh. Brand's book was subsequently withdrawn by publisher John Wiley & Sons.[13] It was then published free on the web by Douance.[14] PaedophiliaIn October 1996 Brand came to the defence of Nobel laureate Daniel Carleton Gajdusek who had been charged with child sex abuse. Brand argued that sex with a consenting partner over the age of 12 was not harmful so long as both partners had an above-average IQ.[15][16] The proceedings were initiated in 1996 after the dean of social sciences complained.[16] Edinburgh University's Chaplain, a supporter of the Anti-Nazi League, had taken Brand's e-mailed reflections on pederasty to the Scottish press. Edinburgh's Student newspaper's frontpage banner headline was "FIRST IT WAS BLACKS, THEN IT WAS WOMEN, NOW IT'S KIDS". Brand was fired a year later after hearings from his 27-year position at Edinburgh University in 1997.[17][18] The University said this was for conduct that "brought the university into disrepute". Brand appealed and sued the University for unfair dismissal, and received £12,000 (in those days the maximum obtainable from an Employment Tribunal) in an out-of-court settlement.[19] His case became a cause célèbre among advocates of academic freedom. Marek Kohn cited the Brand incident in a defence of intellectual freedom on the Internet.[20] Others, however, including a former Brand student, considered academic freedom a privilege that carried with it an expectation of "social responsibility".[21] Eric Barendt (University College London), in the chapter "The Chris Brand Case" in his 2010 book Academic Freedom, said Brand should have tried harder to get on with his colleagues[22] – who Brand replied were "Jew-leftie-commie[s]".[23] Selected publications{{refbegin}}
References1. ^Holden, Constance (22 August 1997). Controversial Academic Gets the Axe. Science 22 August 1997: 1045. {{doi|10.1126/science.277.5329.1045a}} 2. ^{{cite book |author1=Deary, I. |author2=Smith, P. |date=2 February 2004 | title = The International Handbook of Intelligence | chapter = Intelligence Research and Assessment in the United Kingdom | editor = Robert Sternberg | edition = | pages = 14–15 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = | id = }} 3. ^Beck, Joan (3 November 1982). Testing the Intelligence Quotient. The News and Courier 4. ^Deary and Smith 2004 p. 15. 5. ^Deary and Smith 2004 p. 14. Original discovery was by Nettelbeck and Lally. 6. ^Editorial staff (4 August 2003). The guise of caring. Greensboro News & Record 7. ^Brand, Chris (2011). "Psychology's Ulysses wins through". Intelligence, Volume 39, Issue 1, January–February 2011, pp. 74–75, {{doi|10.1016/j.intell.2010.09.006}} 8. ^1 {{cite journal|title=Personality and Individual Differences|journal=Personality and Individual Differences|volume=122|pages=206–207|date=1 Feb 2018|doi=10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.011|last1=Egan|first1=Vincent|last2=Brand|first2=Natalia|last3=Brand|first3=Tom}} 9. ^Wynne-Jones, Ros (18 August 1996).[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/scientific-racist-must-not-be-gagged-say-opponents-1310195.html 'Scientific racist' must not be gagged, say opponents.] The Independent 10. ^Younge, Gary (26 May 1996). Race scientists – the colour of intelligence. New Straits Times Reprinted as The scientists who are proud to be racists. Mail & Guardian 11. ^Wynne-Jones, Ros (14 April 1996). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/stupid-blacks-book-row-1304717.html 'Stupid blacks' book row.] The Independent 12. ^Editorial staff (9 May 1997). The personal views of a 'scientific racist.' Times Higher Education 13. ^Eysenck, Hans (26 April 1996). The colour of Intelligence. Times Higher Education 14. ^Brand CR (1996). The G Factor: General Intelligence and Its Implications (free online text). originally John Wiley & Sons Inc., {{ISBN|978-0-471-96070-6}} 15. ^'Racist' Brand loses dismissal appeal, Olga Wojtas, Times Higher Education, 27 March 1998, retrieved 22 December 2009 16. ^1 Key factors in the fall of a 'scientific racist', Olga Wotjas, Times Higher Education, 10 April 1998, retrieved 22 December 2009 17. ^Ward, Lucy (9 August 1997). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/lecturer-sacked-for-saying-child-sex-harmless-1244412.html Lecturer sacked for saying child sex "harmless."] The Independent 18. ^Hinde, Julia (15 August 1997). Branded an outcast. Times Higher Education 19. ^Rudbeck, Clare (30 May 2002). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/higher/free-to-speak-out-652763.html Free to speak out?] The Independent 20. ^Kohn, Marek (19 May 1996). [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/technofile-1348189.html Technofile.] The Independent 21. ^Swain, Harriet (3 January 2008). Dealing with controversial colleagues. Times Higher Education 22. ^Eric Barendt, Academic Freedom and the Law: A Comparative Study, Hart Publishing, 2010. 23. ^LEFTISTS LOVE THEIR CHAINS External links
12 : 1943 births|2017 deaths|Academics of the University of Edinburgh|Alumni of The Queen's College, Oxford|Fellows of Nuffield College, Oxford|Differential psychologists|Intelligence researchers|Race and intelligence controversy|People educated at Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School for Boys|People from Preston, Lancashire|Psychometricians|British psychologists |
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