| 词条 | German submarine U-303 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
German submarine U-303 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. She saw service in the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, and sank one freighter of 5,000 tons in her three short and uneventful war patrols. Built in 1941 and 1942 at Lübeck, U-303 was a Type VIIC U-boat, capable of lengthy ocean patrols and of operating in distant environments. DesignGerman Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-303 had a displacement of {{convert|769|t|LT}} when at the surface and {{convert|871|t|LT}} while submerged.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} She had a total length of {{convert|67.10|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a pressure hull length of {{convert|50.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a beam of {{convert|6.20|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a height of {{convert|9.60|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, and a draught of {{convert|4.74|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of {{convert|2800 to 3200|PS|kW shp|-1}} for use while surfaced, two Garbe, Lahmeyer & Co. RP 137/c double-acting electric motors producing a total of {{convert|750|PS|kW shp}} for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two {{convert|1.23|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to {{convert|230|m}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} The submarine had a maximum surface speed of {{convert|17.7|kn}} and a maximum submerged speed of {{convert|7.6|kn}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} When submerged, the boat could operate for {{convert|80|nmi}} at {{convert|4|kn}}; when surfaced, she could travel {{convert|8500|nmi}} at {{convert|10|kn}}. U-303 was fitted with five {{convert|53.3|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one {{convert|8.8|cm|in|2|abbr=on}} SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and two twin {{convert|2|cm|in|sp=us|abbr=on}} C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43-46}} Service history1st patrolU-303 departed Kiel under the command of Kapitänleutnant Karl-Franz Heine on New Year's Day 1942, arriving at Lorient in France after a two and a half month passage.[3] The spring of 1943 was the turning point for the Battle of the Atlantic, targets were getting harder to come by for German units. U-303 was no exception, managing to sink only one ship, the 4,959 ton American vessel SS Expositor, on 23 February[4] (which had been already crippled by U-606 and abandoned)[5]2nd patrolHer second patrol was uneventful and very brief, simply a fourteen-day journey between Lorient and La Spezia in Italy, although it did involve passing through the heavily defended Strait of Gibraltar. She was to join a new flotilla operating in the Mediterranean Sea.[6] 3rd patrolFrom La Spezia U-303 moved to Toulon in occupied France, from where she was to operate against British shipping aiding in operations following the evacuation of Tunisia. On her first attempt to do this, on 21 May 1943, she exited Toulon harbour on the surface and ran straight into the British submarine {{HMS|Sickle|P224|3}}, which torpedoed the U-boat before escaping. U-303 began to settle and list, and Heine ordered an immediate evacuation into life rafts which eventually carried the surviving crew to the French coast ten miles away. Ten sailors were less lucky, having been killed in the torpedo impact, and went down with their U-boat in position {{coord|42|50|N|06|00|E|dim:200000|display=inline,title}}.[1] Summary of raiding history
References1. ^1 {{Cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/u303.htm |title=The Type VIIC boat U-303 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=9 April 2010}} 2. ^{{Cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/u303.html |title=War Patrols by German U-boat U-303 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=9 April 2010}} 3. ^{{Cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_4782.html |title=Patrol of U-boat U-303 from 31 Dec 1942 to 8 Mar 1943 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=9 April 2010}} 4. ^{{Cite web |url=http://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/2678.html |title=Expositor (Steam merchant) |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=9 April 2010}} 5. ^Rafał Mariusz Kaczmarek. Burza, U 606 i konwój ON 166. "Morze, Statki i Okręty" Nr. 3/2013. p.60 {{pl icon}} 6. ^{{Cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/patrols/patrol_4783.html |title=Patrol of U-boat U-303 from 1 Apr 1943 to 15 Apr 1943 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=9 April 2010}} Bibliography{{Refbegin}}
|last1=Busch |first1=Rainer |last2=Röll |first2=Hans-Joachim |title=Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 |trans-title=German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945 |work=Der U-Boot-Krieg |volume=IV |publisher=Mittler |location=Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn |year=1999 |isbn=3-8132-0514-2 |language=German |ref=harv }}
|last=Edwards |first=Bernard |title=Dönitz and the Wolf Packs - The U-boats at War |year=1996 |isbn=0-304-35203-9 |pages=158 |publisher=Cassell Military Classics |ref={{sfnRef|Edwards}} }}
|last1=Gröner |first1=Erich |author-link1= |author-mask1= |last2=Jung |first2=Dieter |display-authors= |last-author-amp= |last3=Maass |first3=Martin |translator-last1=Thomas |translator-first1=Keith |translator-last2=Magowan |translator-first2=Rachel |year=1991 |title=U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels |volume=2 |work=German Warships 1815–1945 |location=London |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |isbn=0-85177-593-4 |ref=CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991 }}
|last=Kemp |first=Paul |title=U-Boats Destroyed - German Submarine Losses in the World Wars |location=London |year=1999 |publisher=Arms & Armour |isbn=1-85409-515-3 |ref=harv }}
|last=Sharpe |first=Peter |title=U-Boat Fact File |publisher=Midland Publishing |location=Great Britain |year=1998 |isbn=1-85780-072-9 |ref=harv }}{{Refend}} External links
|url=http://www.u-boot-archiv.de/dieboote/u0303.html | title =U 303 |last=Hofmann |first=Markus |website=Deutsche U-Boote 1935-1945 - u-boot-archiv.de |language=German |accessdate=26 December 2014 }}
|url=http://uboat.net/boats/u303.html |title=The Type VIIC boat U-303 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=26 December 2014 }}{{German Type VII submarines}}{{May 1943 shipwrecks}}{{Subject bar | portal1=Military of Germany | portal2=Submarine | portal3=World War II }}{{use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}{{DEFAULTSORT:U0303}} 9 : German Type VIIC submarines|World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean|U-boats sunk by British submarines|U-boats commissioned in 1942|1942 ships|U-boats sunk in 1943|World War II submarines of Germany|Ships built in Lübeck|Maritime incidents in May 1943 |
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