| 词条 | Gryposaurus |
| 释义 |
| fossil_range = Late Cretaceous, {{fossilrange|83|74|latest=66}} | image = Utah Gryposaurus.jpg | image_upright = 1.15 | image_caption = G. monumentensis skeleton in the Natural History Museum of Utah | taxon = Gryposaurus | authority = | type_species = {{extinct}}Gryposaurus notabilis | type_species_authority = Lambe, 1914 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision =
| synonyms =
}} Gryposaurus (meaning "hooked-nosed (Greek grypos) lizard";[1] sometimes incorrectly translated as "griffin (Latin gryphus) lizard"[2]) was a genus of duckbilled dinosaur that lived about 83 to 74 million years ago, in the Late Cretaceous (late Santonian to late Campanian stages) of North America. Named species of Gryposaurus are known from the Dinosaur Park Formation in Alberta, Canada, and two formations in the United States: the Lower Two Medicine Formation in Montana and the Kaiparowits Formation of Utah. Gryposaurus is similar to Kritosaurus, and for many years the two were thought to be synonyms. It is known from numerous skulls, some skeletons, and even some skin impressions that show it to have had pyramidal scales projecting along the midline of the back. It is most easily distinguished from other duckbills by its narrow arching nasal hump, sometimes described as similar to a "Roman nose,"[1] and which may have been used for species or sexual identification, and/or combat with individuals of the same species. A large bipedal/quadrupedal herbivore around {{convert|9|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} long, it may have preferred river settings. DescriptionGryposaurus was a hadrosaurid of typical size and shape; one of the best specimens of this genus, the nearly complete type specimen of Kritosaurus incurvimanus (now regarded as a synonym of Gryposaurus notabilis) came from an animal about {{convert|8.2|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} long.[3] This specimen also has the best example of skin impressions for Gryposaurus, showing this dinosaur to have had several different types of scalation: pyramidal, ridged, limpet-shaped scutes upwards of 3.8 centimeters long (1.5 inches) on the flank and tail; uniform polygonal scales on the neck and sides of the body; and pyramidal structures, flattened side-to-side, with fluted sides, longer than tall and found along the top of the back in a single midline row.[4]The three named species of Gryposaurus differ in details of the skull and lower jaw.[2] The prominent nasal arch found in this genus is formed from the paired nasal bones. In profile view, they rise into a rounded hump in front of the eyes, reaching a height as tall as the highest point of the back of the skull.[5] The skeleton is known in great detail,[6] making it a useful point of reference for other duckbill skeletons. Discovery and historyGryposaurus is based on specimen NMC 2278, a skull and partial skeleton collected in 1913 by George F. Sternberg from what is now known as the Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, along the Red Deer River.[2] This specimen was described and named by Lawrence Lambe shortly thereafter, Lambe drawing attention to its unusual nasal crest.[5] A few years earlier, Barnum Brown had collected and described a partial skull from New Mexico, which he named Kritosaurus. This skull was missing the snout, which had eroded into fragments; Brown restored it after the duckbill now known as Anatotitan, which was flat-headed,[7] and believed that some unusual pieces were evidence of compression.[12] Lambe's description of Gryposaurus provided evidence of a different type of skull configuration, and by 1916 the Kritosaurus skull had been redone with a nasal arch and both Brown and Charles Gilmore had proposed that Gryposaurus and Kritosaurus were one and the same.[8][9] This idea was reflected in William Parks's naming of a nearly complete skeleton from the Dinosaur Park Formation as Kritosaurus incurvimanus, not Gryposaurus incurvimanus (although he left Gryposaurus notabilis in its own genus).[10] Direct comparison between Kritosaurus incurvimanus and Gryposaurus notabilis is hindered by the fact that the incurvimanus type specimen is missing the front part of the skull, so the full shape of the nasal arch cannot be seen. The 1942 publication of the influential Lull and Wright monograph on hadrosaurs sealed the Kritosaurus/Gryposaurus question for nearly fifty years in favor of Kritosaurus. Reviews beginning in the 1990s, however, called into question the identity of Kritosaurus navajovius, which has limited material for comparison with other duckbills.[16] Thus, Gryposaurus has once again been separated, at least temporarily, from Kritosaurus. This situation is made more confusing by old suggestions by some authors, including Jack Horner, that Hadrosaurus is also the same as either Gryposaurus, Kritosaurus, or both.[11] This hypothesis was most common in the late 1970s–early 1980s, and appears in some popular books;[12][13] one well-known work, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs, uses Kritosaurus for the Canadian material (Gryposaurus), but identifies the mounted skeleton of K. incurvimanus as Hadrosaurus in a photo caption.[14] Although Horner in 1979 used the new combination Hadrosaurus [Kritosaurus] notabilis for a partial skull and skeleton and a second less-complete skeleton from the Bearpaw Shale of Montana[11] (which have since fallen out of the literature), by 1990 he had changed his position, and was among the first to again use Gryposaurus in print.[16] Current thought is that Hadrosaurus, although known from fragmentary material, can be distinguished from Gryposaurus by differences in the upper arm and ilium.[15] Further research has revealed the presence of a second species, G. latidens, from slightly older rocks in Montana than the classic gryposaur localities of Alberta. Based on two parts of a skeleton collected in 1916 for the American Museum of Natural History,[16] G. latidens is also known from bonebed material. Horner, who described the specimens, considered it to be a less derived species.[25] New material from the Kaiparowits Formation of Utah, in Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, includes a skull and partial skeleton that represent the species G. monumentensis. Its skull was more robust than that of the other species, and its predentary had enlarged prongs along its upper margin, where the lower jaw's beak was based. This new species greatly expands the geographic range of this genus, and there may be a second, more lightly built species present as well.[17] Multiple gryposaur species are known from the Kaiparowits Formation, represented by cranial and postcranial remains, and were larger than their northern counterparts.[18] SpeciesAs of 2016, there are currently three named species that are recognized as valid today: G. notabilis, G. latidens, and G. monumentensis.[19] The type species G. notabilis is from the late Campanian-age Upper Cretaceous Dinosaur Park Formation of Alberta, Canada.[19] It is now thought that another species from the same formation, Kritosaurus incurvimanus (also known as Gryposaurus incurvimanus), is a synonym of G. notabilis.[19] The two had been differentiated by the size of the nasal arch (larger and closer to the eyes in G. notabilis) and the form of the upper arm (longer and more robust in K. incurvimanus).[25] Ten complete skulls and twelve fragmentary skulls are known for G. notabilis along with postcrania,[32] as well as with two skeletons with skulls that had been assigned to K. incurvimanus.[20] G. latidens, from the late Santonian-early Campanian Lower Two Medicine Formation of Pondera County, Montana, USA, is known from partial skulls and skeletons from several individuals. Its nasal arch is prominent like that of G. notabilis, but farther forward on the snout, and its teeth are less derived, reflecting iguanodont-like characteristics.[25] The informal name "Hadrosauravus"[21] is an early, unused name for this species.[22] G. monumentensis is known from a skull and partial skeleton from Utah.[17] G. monumentensis was listed second on the top 10 list of new species in 2008 by the International Institute for Species Exploration.[23] Recently, a possible fourth species of Gryposaurus, Gryposaurus alsatei, was unearthed in the Javelina Formation, which dates to the late Maastrichtian, along with an unnamed species of Kritosaurus and an undescribed saurolophine which closely resembles Saurolophus, but with a more solid crest.[24] The dubious hadrosaurid Stephanosaurus marginatus[25] was considered a possible species of Kritosaurus, following the synonymy of Gryposaurus with Kritosaurus.[26][27][2] However, this synonymy was rejected in the 2004 edition of the Dinosauria, with Stephanosaurus being tabulated as dubious.[32] ClassificationGryposaurus was a saurolophine (hadrosaurine of older references) hadrosaurid, a member of the duckbill subfamily without hollow head crests.[28] The general term "gryposaur" is sometimes used for duckbills with arched nasals.[29] Tethyshadros was once thought to fall into this group as well, before it was described (then known under the nickname "Antonio").[30] A subfamily, Gryposaurinae, was coined by Jack Horner as part of a larger revision that promoted Hadrosaurinae to family status,[31] but is not now in use. A rough equivalent is Kritosaurini, as used by Alberto Prieto-Márquez.[32] The main difference between the two is and age (Kritosaurus comes from slightly younger rocks than Gryposaurus). Otherwise, the skull of Kritosaurus is incompletely known, lacking most of the bones in front of the eyes, but very similar to that of Gryposaurus.[33]The following is a cladogram based on the phylogenetic analysis conducted by Prieto-Márquez and Wagner in 2012, showing the relationships of Gryposaurus among the other kritosaurins:[32] {{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%|label1= Kritosaurini |1={{clade |1=Wulagasaurus |2={{clade |1=Kritosaurus |2={{clade |1={{clade |1=Gryposaurus latidens |2={{clade |1=Gryposaurus notabilis |2=Gryposaurus monumentensis }} }} |2={{clade |1=Unnamed Big Bend species |2={{clade |1=Secernosaurus |2=Willinakaqe }} }} }} }} }} }} PaleobiologyAs a hadrosaurid, Gryposaurus would have been a bipedal/quadrupedal herbivore, eating a variety of plants. Its skull had special joints that permitted a grinding motion analogous to chewing, and its teeth were continually replacing and packed into dental batteries that contained hundreds of teeth, only a relative handful of which were in use at any time. Plant material would have been cropped by its broad beak, and held in the jaws by a cheek-like organ. Its feeding range would have extended from the ground to about {{convert|4|m|ft|abbr=on}} above.[28] Like other bird-hipped dinosaurs of the Dinosaur Park Formation, Gryposaurus appears to have only existed for part of the duration of time that the rocks were being formed. As the formation was being laid down, it recorded a change to more marine-influenced conditions. Gryposaurus is absent from the upper part of the formation, with Prosaurolophus present instead. Other dinosaurs known from only the lower part of the formation include the horned Centrosaurus and the hollow-crested duckbill Corythosaurus.[20] Gryposaurus may have preferred river-related settings.[28] Nasal archThe distinctive nasal arch of Gryposaurus, like other cranial modifications in duckbills, may have been used for a variety of social functions, such as identification of sexes or species and social ranking.[28] It could also have functioned as a tool for broadside pushing or butting in social contests, and there may have been inflatable air sacs flanking it for both visual and auditory signaling.[34] The top of the arch is roughened in some specimens, suggesting that it was covered by thick, keratinized skin,[34] or that there was a cartilaginous extension.[31] PaleoecologyUtahArgon-argon radiometric dating indicates that the Kaiparowits Formation was deposited between 76.1 and 74.0 million years ago, during the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous period.[35][36] During the Late Cretaceous period, the site of the Kaiparowits Formation was located near the western shore of the Western Interior Seaway, a large inland sea that split North America into two landmasses, Laramidia to the west and Appalachia to the east. The plateau where dinosaurs lived was an ancient floodplain dominated by large channels and abundant wetland peat swamps, ponds and lakes, and was bordered by highlands. The climate was wet and humid, and supported an abundant and diverse range of organisms.[37] This formation contains one of the best and most continuous records of Late Cretaceous terrestrial life in the world.[38]Gryposaurus monumentensis shared its paleoenvironment with other dinosaurs, such as dromaeosaurid theropods, the troodontid Talos sampsoni, ornithomimids like Ornithomimus velox, tyrannosaurids like Albertosaurus and Teratophoneus, armored ankylosaurids, the duckbilled hadrosaur Parasaurolophus cyrtocristatus, the ceratopsians Utahceratops gettyi, Nasutoceratops titusi and Kosmoceratops richardsoni and the oviraptorosaurian Hagryphus giganteus.[39] Other paleofauna present in the Kaiparowits Formation included chondrichthyans (sharks and rays), frogs, salamanders, turtles, lizards and crocodilians. A variety of early mammals were present including multituberculates, marsupials, and insectivorans.[40]See also
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Geological Society of America. pp. 164–172. 28. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite book |last=Horner |first=John R. |authorlink=Jack Horner (paleontologist) |author2=Weishampel, David B. |author3= Forster, Catherine A |editor=Weishampel, David B. |editor2=Dodson, Peter |editor3=Osmólska Halszka (eds.)|title=The Dinosauria |edition=2nd |year= 2004|publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-24209-8 |pages=438–463 |chapter=Hadrosauridae }} 29. ^1 2 {{cite book |last=Weishampel |first=David B. |authorlink=David B. Weishampel |author2=Horner, Jack R. |editor= Weishampel, David B. |editor2=Dodson, Peter |editor3=Osmólska Halszka (eds.)|title=The Dinosauria |edition=1st |year=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-06727-1 |pages=534–561 |chapter=Hadrosauridae}} 30. ^{{cite book |last=Glut |first=Donald F. |authorlink=Donald F. 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(eds.) |last=Kirkland |first=James I. |authorlink=James Kirkland (paleontologist) |last2=Hernández,-Rivera |first2=René |last3=Gates |first3=Terry |last4=Paul |first4=Gregory S. |last5=Nesbitt |first5=Sterling |last6=Serrano-Brañas |first6=Claudia Inés |last7=Garcia-de la Garza |first7=Juan Pablo |pages=299–315 |publisher=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science |series=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 35 |location=Albuquerque, New Mexico }} 34. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Hopson |first=James A. |year=1975 |title=The evolution of cranial display structures in hadrosaurian dinosaurs |journal=Paleobiology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=21–43 |doi=10.1017/S0094837300002165 }} 35. ^Roberts EM, Deino AL, Chan MA (2005) [https://www.academia.edu/2588694/40Ar_39Ar_age_of_the_Kaiparowits_Formation_southern_Utah_and_correlation_of_contemporaneous_Campanian_strata_and_vertebrate_ 40Ar/39Ar age of the Kaiparowits Formation, southern Utah, and correlation of contemporaneous Campanian strata and vertebrate faunas along the margin of the Western Interior Basin]. Cretaceous Research 26: 307–318. 36. ^Eaton, J.G., 2002. Multituberculate mammals from the Wahweap(Campanian, Aquilan) and Kaiparowits (Campanian, Judithian) formations, within and near Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, southern Utah. Miscellaneous Publication 02-4, Utah Geological Survey, 66 pp. 37. ^Titus, Alan L. and Mark A. Loewen (editors). At the Top of the Grand Staircase: The Late Cretaceous of Southern Utah. 2013. Indiana University Press. Hardbound: 634 pp. 38. ^{{cite web|last=Clinton|first=William|title=Preisdential Proclamation: Establishment of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument|url=http://geology.utah.gov/online/c/c-93/gseprocl.htm|work=September 18, 1996|accessdate=9 November 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828042919/http://www.geology.utah.gov/online/c/c-93/gseprocl.htm|archivedate=28 August 2013|df=}} 39. ^{{cite journal |last=Zanno |first=Lindsay E. |author2=Sampson, Scott D. |year=2005 |title=A new oviraptorosaur (Theropoda; Maniraptora) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of Utah |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=897–904 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0897:ANOTMF]2.0.CO;2}} 40. ^{{cite book |last=Eaton |first=Jeffrey G. |author2=Cifelli, Richard L. |author3=Hutchinson, J. Howard |author4=Kirkland, James I. |author5= Parrish, J. Michael |year=1999 |chapter=Cretaceous vertebrate faunas from the Kaiparowits Plateau, south-central Utah |editor=Gillete David D. (ed.) |title=Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah |publisher=Utah Geological Survey |location=Salt Lake City |series=Miscellaneous Publication 99-1 |pages=345–353 |isbn=978-1-55791-634-1 }} 11 : Saurolophines|Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America|Taxa named by Lawrence Lambe|Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument|Dinosaur Park fauna|Paleontology in Montana|Paleontology in Utah|Paleontology in Alberta|Kaiparowits Formation|Campanian genus first appearances|Campanian genus extinctions |
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