| 词条 | Clara Rockmore |
| 释义 |
|name = Clara Rockmore |image = File:Rockmore and Termen.jpg | caption = Rockmore and Léon Theremin in 1929. |background = non_vocal_instrumentalist |birth_name = Clara Reisenberg | birth_date = 9 March 1911 | birth_place = Vilnius, Vilna Governorate, Russian Empire[1] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1998|05|10|1911|03|09|df=yes}} | death_place = New York City, New York, United States |genre = Classical music |instrument = Violin, theremin |occupation = Musician}} Clara Reisenberg Rockmore (9 March 1911 – 10 May 1998[2]) was a classical violin prodigy[3] and a virtuoso performer of the theremin, an electronic musical instrument.[3][4][5][6][7] She was the sister of pianist Nadia Reisenberg. Life and careerEarly yearsClara Reisenberg was born in Vilnius, then in the Russian Empire, to a family of Lithuanian Jews.[8] She had two elder sisters, Anna and Nadia.[9] Early in her childhood she emerged as a violin prodigy. At the age of four, she became the youngest ever student at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, where she studied under the prominent violinist Leopold Auer.[10] After the October Revolution the family moved back to Vilnius, and then to Warsaw, before obtaining visas and leaving for the United States in 1921.[9] In America, Rockmore enrolled at the Curtis Institute of Music. As a teenager, tendinitis affected her bow arm, attributed to childhood malnutrition, and resulted in her giving up the violin. However, after meeting fellow immigrant Léon Theremin and being introduced to his electronic instrument, the theremin, she became its most prominent player. She performed widely and helped Theremin to refine his instrument.[11][12] CareerRockmore made orchestral appearances in New York and Philadelphia and went on coast-to-coast tours with Paul Robeson, but it was not until 1977 that she released a commercial recording called The Art of the Theremin. The album, which was produced by Bob Moog and Shirleigh Moog, featured Rockmore's theremin playing with piano accompaniment by her sister Nadia.[13] Rockmore’s approach to theremin playing emphasized physical and emotional control.[16] As she described it herself in an interview: "You must not only hit a note, but you must hit the center of it. You cannot register any of your internal emotion at all. You cannot shake your head, for instance, or sway back and forth on your feet. That would change your tone."[16] Personal life and deathAlthough Léon Theremin had proposed to her several times, she married attorney Robert Rockmore, and thereafter used his name professionally. They had no children.[13] She died in New York City on May 10, 1998, aged 87. Although her health had been in rapid decline for almost a year, she declared her determination to live to see the birth of her great-grandniece, who was born just two days before her death.[13] Contributions to the thereminRockmore's classical training gave her an advantage over the many other theremin performers of the time. The intonation control she acquired as a violinist and her innate absolute pitch were both helpful in playing the instrument.[13] She had extremely precise, rapid control of her movements, important in playing an instrument that depends on the performer's motion and proximity rather than touch. She developed a unique technique for playing the instrument, including a fingering system that allowed her to perform accurately fast passages and large note leaps without the more familiar portamento, or glide, on theremin.[21] She also discovered that she could achieve a steadier tone and control the vibrato by keeping the tips of her right-hand thumb and forefinger in contact.[14] Developmental influenceRockmore saw limitations of the original instrument and helped to develop the theremin to fulfill her needs. Working together with Léon Theremin her suggestions and changes included increasing the sensitivity of the theremin's volume control to facilitate rapid staccato, lowering the profile of the instrument so the performer is more visible, increasing the sensitivity of the pitch antenna, and increasing range from three octaves to five.[15] Public influenceBy the time Rockmore was playing large scale public concerts, such as New York City's Town Hall in 1938, she was becoming increasingly known for impressing critics with her artistry of the theremin during a time in which much of the general public had come to rather negative conclusions of what was possible on the instrument.[5] These performances with world class orchestras were also critical in establishing “electronic and experimental music as a viable art form in the public imagination.” [16] Clara owned an RCA theremin given to her and substantially modified by Theremin. Through his modifications, the instrument's normal 5 to 5.5 octave playable range was expanded by 1.5 octaves. Theremin made several other customizations including improvements to tonal quality and its responsiveness to hand movements. The tubes are also customized and labeled in Theremin's own writing.{{cn|date=February 2018}} This instrument was later restored by Robert Moog in October 1998. This instrument can be viewed at the Clara Rockmore exhibit in the Artist's Gallery of the Musical Instruments Museum in Phoenix, Arizona. The instrument is on long-term loan to the museum by Peter Sherman of the Reisenberg family.{{cn|date=February 2018}} Albums
Film and video
| people = Martin, Steven M. (Director) |year = 1995 | title = Theremin: An Electronic Odyssey | url = http://www.mgm.com/#/our-titles/1984/Theremin:-An-Electronic-Odyssey | medium = Film and DVD | location = | publisher = MGM | accessdate = 2017-12-20 }}
|people = Moog, Robert (Producer) |authorlink = Robert Moog |year = 1998 |title = Clara Rockmore: The Greatest Theremin Virtuosa |url = http://www.moogmusic.com/detail.php?main_product_id=52 |medium = Videotape (VHS) |location = |publisher = Moog Music and Little Big Films |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081222192435/http://www.moogmusic.com/booksandmusic/?section=product&product_id=52 |archivedate = 2008-12-22 |df = }}
| people = Moog, Robert (Producer) |year = 2005 | title = Two Theremin Classics | url = http://www.moogmusic.com/products/merch/two-theremin-classics-dvd | medium = DVD | location = | publisher = Moog Music and Little Big Films }} In popular culture
See also
ReferencesNotes1. ^{{cite web|title=The Clara Rockmore Collection at the Special Collections in Performing Arts at the University of Maryland, College Park|url=http://www.hdl.handle.net/1903.1/3289|accessdate=9 March 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517110539/http://hdl.handle.net/1903.1/3289|archivedate=17 May 2008}} Bibliography2. ^Glinsky, p. 340 3. ^{{cite journal|last=Ostertag|first=Bob|authorlink=Bob Ostertag|title=Human bodies, computer music|journal=Leonardo Music Journal|volume=12ÌÇ|page=13|publisher=MIT Press|date=December 2002|doi=10.1162/096112102762295070|url=http://bobostertag.com/images/pdfs/misc/02_humanbodies.pdf|accessdate=10 September 2009|quote=Clara Rockmore, in particular, became a bona fide theremin virtuoso by any definition of the word|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708075951/http://bobostertag.com/images/pdfs/misc/02_humanbodies.pdf|archivedate=8 July 2011}} 4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Paradiso|first1=Joseph|last2=Gershenfeld|first2=Neil|authorlink2=Neil Gershenfeld|title=Musical Applications of Electric Field Sensing|journal=Computer Music Journal|volume=21:2|series=series|issue=2|publisher=MIT Press|year=Summer 1997|quote=few things since have matched Clara Rockmore's lyrical dynamics|jstor=3681109|pages=69–89}} 5. ^1 {{cite web|last=Pringle|first=Peter|title=Clara Rockmore|url=http://www.peterpringle.com/clara.html|accessdate=10 September 2009|quote=great virtuoso thereminist of the 20th century ... astounded critics with her theremin artistry}} 6. ^{{cite news|first=Bill|last=Bailey|authorlink=Bill Bailey|title=Weird science|newspaper=The Guardian|date=15 October 2004|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2004/oct/15/4|quote=Clara Rockmore was rightly hailed in her time as a true star. … Rockmore gained more recognition for her playing of the instrument than Theremin himself ever did for inventing it. … warm praise from music critics|accessdate=10 September 2009}} 7. ^{{cite web|first1=Phil|last1=Ramone|first2=Danielle|last2=Evin|authorlink1=Phil Ramone|date=11 July 2008|title=Dog Ears Music: Volume Twenty-Eight|publisher=Huffington Post|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/phil-ramone-and-danielle-evin/dog-ears-music-volume-twe_b_112125.html|quote=Genius thereminist Clara Rockmore|accessdate=10 September 2009}} 8. ^Nadia Reisenberg by Harriet Feinberg, Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. 9. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.nadiareisenberg-clararockmore.org/nadia_biography.htm|title=Nadia Reisenberg: Biography|publisher=The Nadia Reisenberg & Clara Rockmore Foundation}} 10. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.nadiareisenberg-clararockmore.org/clara_biography.htm|publisher=The Nadia Reisenberg & Clara Rockmore Foundation|title=Clara Rockmore: Biography}} 11. ^{{cite web|last1=Warshaw|first1=Dalit|title=Clara Rockmore: A Legendary Performer of an Enigmatic Instrument|url=http://www.juilliard.edu/journal/1103/clara-rockmore|website=The Juilliard Journal|publisher=The Juilliard School|accessdate=9 March 2016|date=March 2011}} 12. ^{{cite web|title=Sergei Teterin Speaks on Clara Rockmore’s Work in Vilnius|url=http://www.cyland.org/site/english/events-en/7604|accessdate=9 March 2016}} 13. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=http://www.moogmusic.com/news/remembering-clara-rockmore|title=Remembering Clara Rockmore|accessdate=2014-10-07}} 14. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Glinsky|first=Albert|title=Theremin: Ether Music and Espionage|location=Urbana, Illinois|publisher=University of Illinois Press|year=2000|isbn=0-252-02582-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DHlQJcMpBQC&pg=PA156|page=156}} 15. ^1 Robert Moog, The Art of the Theremin, liner notes, 1977. 16. ^Tara Rodgers, "Pink Noises", 2010. 17. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/doodles/clara-rockmores-105th-birthday|title=Clara Rockmore’s 105th Birthday|publisher=}}
| last = Glinsky | first = Albert | title = Theremin: Ether Music and Espionage | location = Urbana, Illinois | publisher = University of Illinois Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0-252-02582-2 }}
| url = http://www.thereminvox.com/article/articleview/21/1/22/ | title = In Clara's Words: An Interview with Clara Rockmore | accessdate = 2006-10-19 | last = Moog | first = Robert | authorlink = Robert Moog| date = 2002-10-27 }}
|url = http://remixmag.com/artists/remix_clara_rockmore/ |title = Clara Rockmore |accessdate = 2006-10-19 |last = Strauss |first = D. |date = 2006-06-01 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081202163757/http://remixmag.com/artists/remix_clara_rockmore |archivedate = 2008-12-02 |df = }} External links{{Commons category|Clara Rockmore}}
13 : 1911 births|1998 deaths|20th-century American musicians|American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent|Lithuanian electronic musicians|Lithuanian people of Jewish descent|Jewish musicians|Musicians from New York City|People from Vilnius|People from Vilna Governorate|Saint Petersburg Conservatory alumni|Theremin players|Women in electronic music |
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