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词条 Haplogroup R (mtDNA)
释义

  1. Origin

  2. Distribution

     Subclades 

  3. Tree

  4. References

  5. External links

{{short description|Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup}}{{for|the Y-chromosome haplogroup|Haplogroup R (Y-DNA)}}{{Infobox haplogroup
|name=R|map=Haplogroup R (mtDNA) & subclades.PNG
|origin-date= 66,000 YBP [1]
|origin-place=South Asia[2][3] Southeast Asia[3]
|ancestor=N
|descendants= R0, R1, R1b, R2'JT, R3, R5, R6'7, R8, R9, R11'B, R12'21, R14, R22, R23, R30, R31, P, U
|mutations=12705, 16223[4]
}}

Haplogroup R is a widely distributed human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup. Haplogroup R

is associated with the peopling of Eurasia after about 70,000 years ago, and is distributed in modern populations throughout the world outside of sub-Saharan Africa.[5]

Haplogroup R is a descendant of the macro-haplogroup N. Among the R clade's descendant haplogroups are B, U (and thus K), F, R0 (and thus HV, H, and V), and JT (the ancestral haplogroup of J and T).

Origin

As of June 2009, the most recent study dates the origin of haplogroup R to 66.8kya (thousand years ago) with a 95% confidence interval of 52.6–81kya.[1]

South Asia lies on the way of earliest dispersals from Africa and is therefore a valuable well of knowledge on early human migrations.[6] The analysis of the indigenous haplogroup R lineages in India points to a common first spread of the root haplotypes of M, N, and R along the southern route some 60–70 kya.[7]

Haplogroup R has wide diversity and antiquity among varied ethnic status and different language families in South Asia. In Indian western region among the various castes and southern region among the tribes show higher haplogroup diversity than the other regions, possibly suggesting their autochthonous status.[2] Larruga et al. (2017) found mtDNA R spread out to Eurasia and Australia from Southeast Asia core area.[5]

Distribution

Haplogroup R and its descendants are distributed all over Australasia, Americas, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia, East Asia, Europe, North Africa and Horn of Africa.

The basal R* clade is found among the Soqotri (1.2%), as well as in Northeast Africa (1.5%), the Middle East (0.8%), the Near East (0.8%), and the Arabian peninsula (0.3%).[8]

Haplogroup R has also been observed among ancient Egyptian mummies excavated at the Abusir el-Meleq archaeological site in Middle Egypt, which date from the Pre-Ptolemaic/late New Kingdom, Ptolemaic, and Roman periods.[9]

Subclades

  • Haplogroup R
    • R0 or pre-HV
    • R0a or (preHV)1: Occurs commonly in the Arabian peninsula, with its highest frequency observed among the Soqotri.[10] Moderate frequencies found in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and Central Asia.
    • HV: It is a west Eurasian haplogroup mainly found throughout the Middle East, including Iran.[11] It is also found in North Africa, Central Asia and South Asia.
    • V: Found at moderately low frequencies around Europe; the highest frequency is in the Sami people 40%.[12]
    • HV1: Mainly in the Middle East.[13]
    • HV2: Mainly in South Asia.[11]
    • HV3: Mainly in Eastern Europe.[14]
    • H: In West Eurasia. It is the most common mtDNA haplogroup in Europe.
    • R1
    • R1a (3337): Found in Brahmins from Uttar Pradesh (India).[7] Also in Adygei people (Caucasus).
    • R1a1: Found in Northwest Caucasian people like Kabardins and Adygei people. Observed in eastern European populations like northwestern Russians and Poles.[14]
    • pre-JT or R2'JT
    • R2: Found mainly in Balochistan (Pakistan).[11]
    • (13500): Found in Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh (India).[6]
    • (150, 303+1C): In Iran, Georgia and Turkey.
    • JT
    • J: The highest frequency is in the Near East (12%), 21% in Saudi Arabia.[13] J declines towards Europe at 11%, Caucasus 8%, North Africa 6% and becomes practically missing in East Asia.[15]
    • T: The highest frequency is in the Caspian region (Caucasus, Northern Iran, Turkmenistan).[11] It is important in Europe (almost 10%),[16] Middle East, Central Asia, Pakistan and North Africa. Small frequency in the Horn of Africa and India.
    • R3: Found in Armenia.[17]
    • R5: Widely spread in the Indian subcontinent. Specially in Madhya Pradesh (India) at 17%.[18]
    • R5a
    • R5a1: Found within the Indo-European speaking populations of India.[19]
    • R5a2: Specially among Dravidic groups of India and Sri Lanka.[19]
    • R6'7 (16362) The most important presence is among Austroasiatic language-speakers from India (10%).[19]
    • R6: Small frequencies in India and Pakistan found prominently in both Tamil and Kashmiri populations with the .[18]
    • R7: In the Indian subcontinent .[19][20]
    • R7a: Mainly in East India, specially in Santals from Bihar and Jharkhand.[20]
    • R7b: Specially in Dravidian tribes of East India.[20]
    • R8: The highest frequency occurs towards East India, especially within Orissa (12%), and it is found among the Austroasiatic tribes (Munda speakers). It is also present in low frequency among the Dravidian and Indo-European speaking family [21]
    • R8a: Found mainly in Orissa and Andhra Pradesh (India).
    • R8b: In Orissa, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh (India).
    • R9 (16304)
    • R9b: It appears mostly in Southeast Asia.[22] Found all over Indonesia, in Indochina, Malaysia, in Aboriginal Malays like Semelai at 28% and Temuan 21%.[23]
    • (249d)
    • R9c: All over the Malay Archipelago and Taiwan. Mainly in Batak (Palawan) at 58% [24] and Alor (Indonesia) at 11%.[25]
    • F: Fairly common in East Asia and Southeast Asia. Higher frequencies occur in some areas like Nicobar at 50% and Arunachal Pradesh 31% (India),[18] and Shors people from Siberia at 44%.[26] There is also an important frequency in Taiwanese aborigines, Guangdong (China), Maluku (Indonesia), Thailand and Vietnam.
    • R11'B (16189)
    • R11: Found in China, mainly in Lahu people from Yunnan at 12.5%.[27] Also in Japan, Chams,[28] and Rajasthan (India).
    • B
    • B4: It is found often in East Asia, Southeast Asia, Polynesia, Melanesia, Micronesia, Madagascar and Indigenous peoples of the Americas.
    • B5: Spread in East Asia and Southeast Asia.
    • R24: Found in Philippines.[29]
    • R12'21
    • R12: Found in Australia.[30]
    • R21: In indigenous peoples of Malaysia like Jahai Negritos at 63%[23] and Senoi 37% as well as in the Maniq of Southern Thailand and in a few other Thai and Malaysian individuals.[31]
    • R14: Found in Papua New Guinea[32] and in Austronesian speakers of East Timor and Lembata.[33]
    • R22 or R12: Very frequent in the Shompen (10/29 = 34.5%).[34] Elsewhere found mainly in south-central Indonesia (11.4% Mataram, 8.0% Waingapu, 7.3% Bali, 1.9% Borneo) and in Cham of Bình Thuận, Vietnam (7/168 = 4.2%),[35] with singleton or sporadic occurrences in Thailand, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and Alor.[25]
    • R23: Small clade found in Bali and Sumba (Indonesia).[25]
    • R30
    • R30a: Found in Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh (India), in the Tharu people from Nepal[36] and Sinhalese people from Sri Lanka.[19]
    • R30b: Found in Punjab.[19]
    • R30 (1598, 16189): Found in Punjab, Nepal and Japan.[36]
    • R31
    • R31a: In Brahmins from Uttar Pradesh[7] and Rajputs from Rajasthan (India).[19]
    • R31b: In Reddys from Andhra Pradesh (India).[7]
    • P: It is characteristic of Sahul. Found in Philippines and East Indonesia.
    • (16176)
    • P1: Widespread in Melanesia. Higher frequencies occur in Papua New Guinea.[37] Also found in Maluku, Nusa Tenggara and Polynesia.[38]
    • P2'10
    • P2: In Melanesia,[37] specially in New Guinea and New Caledonia.
    • P10: Found in Philippines.[29]
    • P9 (or AuE): In Aboriginal Australians from the central region.[39]
    • P3: In Australia and Melanesia.[37]
    • P4: In Australia and Melanesia.[40]
    • U
    • U1: It appears mostly in the Middle East and Caucasus. Found from India to the Mediterranean and to the rest of Europe.[41]
    • U5: Approximately 11% of total Europeans and 10% of European-Americans. The highest frequency is in the Sami people.[12]
    • U6: It is common in North Africa and the Horn of Africa, especially in the Maghreb.[42] Highest frequencies of the subclade occur among Algerian Berbers (29%)[43] and Egyptian Copts (27.6%).[44] U6 has also been found among Iberomaurusian specimens dating from the Epipaleolithic at the Taforalt prehistoric site.[45]
    • U2'3'4'7'8'9 (1811): Widely spread in West Eurasia and the Indian subcontinent.
    • U8
    • K

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup R subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation[4] and subsequent published research.

  • R
    • R0 (formerly pre-HV)
    • R0a
    • R0a1
    • R0a2
    • HV
    • HV0 (formerly pre-V)
    • HV0a
    • V
    • H
    • R1
    • R1a
    • R1a1
    • R1a1a
    • R2'JT
    • R2
    • JT
    • J
    • T
    • R5
    • R5a
    • R5a1
    • R5a1a
    • R5a2
    • R5a2a
    • R5a2b
    • R5a2b1
    • R5a2b2
    • R5a2b3
    • R5a2b4
    • R6'7
    • R6
    • R6a
    • R6a1
    • R6a1a
    • R7
    • R7a
    • R7a1
    • R7a1a
    • R7a1b
    • R7a1b1
    • R7a1b2
    • R7b
    • R7b1
    • R7b1a
    • R8
    • R8a
    • R8a1
    • R8a1a
    • R8a1a1
    • R8a1a2
    • R8a1a3
    • R8a1b
    • R8a2
    • R8b
    • R8b1
    • R8b2
    • (16304)
    • R9
    • R9b
    • R9b1
    • R9b2
    • R9c
    • F
    • R22
    • R11'B (16189)
    • R11
    • R11a
    • B
    • R24
    • R12'21
    • R12
    • R21
    • R14
    • R23
    • R30
    • R30a
    • R30b
    • R30b1
    • R31
    • R31a
    • R31a1
    • R31b
    • P
    • U

References

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26. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/522933 |title=Phylogeographic Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA in Northern Asian Populations |year=2007 |last1=Derenko |first1=Miroslava |last2=Malyarchuk |first2=Boris |last3=Grzybowski |first3=Tomasz |last4=Denisova |first4=Galina |last5=Dambueva |first5=Irina |last6=Perkova |first6=Maria |last7=Dorzhu |first7=Choduraa |last8=Luzina |first8=Faina |last9=Lee |first9=Hong Kyu |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=81 |issue=5 |pages=1025–41 |pmid=17924343 |pmc=2265662 }}
27. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1101/gr.2286304 |title=Mitochondrial Genome Variation in Eastern Asia and the Peopling of Japan |year=2004 |last1=Tanaka |first1=M. |journal=Genome Research |volume=14 |issue=10a |pages=1832–50 |pmid=15466285 |last2=Cabrera |first2=VM |last3=González |first3=AM |last4=Larruga |first4=JM |last5=Takeyasu |first5=T |last6=Fuku |first6=N |last7=Guo |first7=LJ |last8=Hirose |first8=R |last9=Fujita |first9=Y |pmc=524407 }}
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30. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/molbev/msl063 |title=Deciphering Past Human Population Movements in Oceania: Provably Optimal Trees of 127 mtDNA Genomes |year=2006 |last1=Pierson |first1=M. J. |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=23 |issue=10 |pages=1966–75 |pmid=16855009 |last2=Martinez-Arias |first2=R |last3=Holland |first3=BR |last4=Gemmell |first4=NJ |last5=Hurles |first5=ME |last6=Penny |first6=D |pmc=2674580}}
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32. ^Haplogroup R14, Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
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42. ^{{cite journal|author1=Karima Fadhlaoui-Zid |author2=Laura Rodríguez-Botigué |author3=Nejib Naoui |author4=Amel Benammar-Elgaaied |author5=Francesc Calafell |author6=David Comas |title=Mitochondrial DNA structure in North Africa reveals a genetic discontinuity in the Nile Valley|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|date=May 2011|volume=145|issue=1|pages=107–117|doi=10.1002/ajpa.21472|url=http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/42802/3/mitochondrial_DNA_structure_Fadhlaoui.pdf|accessdate=22 April 2016 |pmid=21312180}}
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44. ^{{cite web|last1=Mohamed|first1=Hisham Yousif Hassan|title=Genetic Patterns of Y-chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Variation, with Implications to the Peopling of the Sudan|url=http://khartoumspace.uofk.edu/bitstream/handle/123456789/6376/Genetic%20Patterns%20of%20Y-chromosome%20and%20Mitochondrial.pdf?sequence=1|publisher=University of Khartoum|accessdate=22 April 2016}}
45. ^{{cite journal|author1=Bernard Secher |author2=Rosa Fregel |author3=José M Larruga |author4=Vicente M Cabrera |author5=Phillip Endicott |author6=José J Pestano |author7=Ana M González |title=The history of the North African mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U6 gene flow into the African, Eurasian and American continents|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-109|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=14 |pages=109 |pmid=24885141 |pmc=4062890 |year=2014}}

External links

{{Commons category|Haplogroup R (mtDNA)}}
  • Mannis van Oven's [https://web.archive.org/web/20090613015316/http://www.phylotree.org/tree/subtree_R.htm PhyloTree.org – mtDNA subtree R]
  • Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
{{-}}{{MtDNA}}

1 : Human mtDNA haplogroups
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