| 词条 | Claude Louis Hector de Villars |
| 释义 |
|honorific-prefix = Marshal General |name = Claude Louis Hector de Villars |honorific-suffix = |image = Hyacinthe Rigaud -Portrait of Claude Louis Hector de Villars (1704) - Palace of Versailles.jpg |imagesize = 250px |office = Secretary of State for War |term_start = 1 October 1715 |term_end = 24 September 1718 |predecessor = Daniel Voysin de la Noiraye |successor = Claude le Blanc |monarch =Louis XV |birth_date = 8 May 1653 |birth_place = Moulins, Kingdom of France |death_date = 17 June 1734 (aged 81) |death_place = Turin, Kingdom of Sardinia |nationality =French | allegiance = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of France}} | branch =French Army | serviceyears =1671-1734 | rank =Marshal General | servicenumber = | unit = | commands = | battles =Franco-Dutch War Nine Years' War War of the Spanish Succession War of the Polish Succession | battles_label = | awards = | relations = | laterwork = | signature = }} Claude Louis Hector de Villars, Prince de Martigues, Marquis then Duc de Villars, Vicomte de Melun (8 May 1653 – 17 June 1734) was a general of Louis XIV of France,[1] one of only six Marshals who have been promoted to Marshal General of France. Early careerVillars was born at Moulins (in the present-day département of Allier)[2] in a noble but poor family{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} — his father was the diplomat[2] Pierre de Villars.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} He entered the French army through the corps of pages in 1671.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} He distinguished himself at twenty in the Siege of Maastricht in 1673 during the Franco-Dutch War and after the bloody Battle of Seneffe a year later he was promoted on the field to mestre de camp{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} (colonel) of a cavalry regiment.[2] The next promotion would take time in spite of a long record of service under Turenne, The Great Condé and Luxembourg, and of his aristocratic birth. The reason was that he had incurred the enmity of the powerful Louvois, he was finally made maréchal de camp in 1687.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} In the interval between the Dutch wars and the formation of the League of Augsburg, Villars, who combined with his military gifts the tact and subtlety of the diplomatist, was employed in an unofficial mission to the court of Bavaria, and there became the constant companion of Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} He returned to France in 1690 and was given a command in the cavalry of the army in Flanders, but towards the end of the War of the Grand Alliance,{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} in 1698, he went to Vienna as ambassador.[2] War of the Spanish Succession{{Main|War of the Spanish Succession}}It was Villars' part in the next war, beginning with Friedlingen (1702) and Hochstadt (1703) and ending with Denain (1712), that has made him most famous.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} For his part in the battle of Friedlingen he received the marshalate, and for the pacification of the insurgent Cévennes he received the Saint-Esprit order and the title of duke. Friedlingen and Hochstadt were barren victories, and the campaigns of which they formed were characterized by lost opportunities. Villars' glory thus begins with the year 1709 when France, apparently helpless, was roused to a great effort of self-defence by the stringent demands of the Coalition.[2] In that year he was called to command the main army opposing Prince Eugène of Savoy and Marlborough on the northern frontier.[2] During the famine of the winter he shared the soldiers' miserable rations. When the campaign opened the old Marshal Boufflers volunteered to serve under him, and after the terrible battle of Malplaquet, in which he was gravely wounded (by a musketball to the knee), he was able to tell the king: "If it please God to give your majesty's enemies another such victory, they are ruined."{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} Two more campaigns passed without a battle and with scarcely any advance on the part of the invaders, but at last Marlborough manoeuvred Villars out of the famous Ne plus ultra lines, and the power of the defence seemed to be broken. But Louis made a last effort, the English contingent and its great leader were withdrawn from the enemy's camp, and Villars, though still suffering from his Malplaquet wounds, outmanoeuvred{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} and decisively defeated Eugène at Denain.[2] This victory saved France, though the war dragged on for another year, where Villars led the Rhine campaign (1713), in which he took Landau,{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} led the stormers at Freiburg and negotiated the Treaty of Rastatt and the Treaty of Baden[3] with Prince Eugène.[2] Villars residenceVillars, named for Marshal Villars, was built in Moulins, Allier during the reign of Louis XV. The 18th century historical monument was used as a cavalry barracks.[11][4][5][6] It was partially destroyed during World War II[7] and was restored by François Voinchet, Architect of Historic Monuments and is now the Centre National du Costume de Scene museum.[8]RegencyVillars played a conspicuous part in the politics of the Regency period as the principal opponent of Cardinal Dubois, and only the memories of Montmorency's rebellion prevented his being made constable of France.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} He took the field for the last time in the War of the Polish Succession (1734), with the title marshal-general of the king's armies, that Turenne had held before him. But he was over eighty years old at this point, and after opening the campaign energetically he died at Turin on 17 June 1734.[2] LegacyVillars's memoirs show us a fanfaron plein d'honneur, as Voltaire calls him. He was indeed boastful, and also covetous of honours and wealth. But he was also described as an honourable man of high courage, moral and physical, and certainly a very skilled soldier. He was famous for his love for young men as wrote the Duchess of Orleans in her letters.[9] The memoirs, part of which was published in 1734 and afterwards several times republished in untrustworthy versions, were for the first time completely edited by the Marquis de Vogüé in 1884–92.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} References
1. ^Lynn. A John. The French Wars 1667–1714: The Sun King at War. Osprey Publishing (2002) p.62 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{EB1911|wstitle=Villars, Claude Louis Hector de |inline=1|volume=28|pages=76–77}} 3. ^For a vivid description of Claude Louis Hector de Villars' stay during the Baden peace conference see: Das Diarium des Badener Friedens 1714 von Caspar Joseph Dorer. Mit Einleitung und Kommentar herausgegeben von Barbara Schmid (= Beiträge zur Aargauer Geschichte. 18). Baden: Hier und Jetzt, 2014, {{ISBN|978-3-03919-327-1}}. 4. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.saatchigallery.com/museums/museum-profile.php/Centre+National+Du+Costume+De+Scene/970.html | title=Centre National du Costume de Scene | publisher=Saatchi Gallery | accessdate=16 December 2013}} 5. ^{{cite book|author=Philip Jodidio|title=Architecture D'aujourd'hui|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kl9Shbs2S9cC&pg=PT533|year=2004|publisher=Taschen|isbn=978-3-8228-2935-6|page=533}} 6. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.ville-moulins.fr/Centre-National-du-Costume-de,20.html | title=Centre National du Costume de Scene (French, translated in part using translate.google.com) | publisher=Ville de Moulins | accessdate=16 December 2013}} 7. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://www.cncs.fr/le-CNCS/decouvrir-le-cncs/historique | title=Historique | publisher=Centre National du Costume de Scene | accessdate=16 December 2013}} 8. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.latribunedelart.com/le-centre-national-du-costume-de-scene-de-moulins-une-realisation-exemplaire | title=Le Centre National du Costume de Scène de Moulins: une réalisation exemplaire | publisher=La Tribune de l'Art | accessdate=16 December 2013}} 9. ^Didier Godard, Le Goût de Monsieur. L'homosexualité masculine au XVIIe siècle, Montblanc, ed. H & O, 2002, p. 171 External links{{commons|Claude Louis Hector de Villars|Claude Louis Hector de Villars}}
20 : 1653 births|1734 deaths|People from Moulins, Allier|18th-century French people|17th-century French people|People of the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans|People of the Ancien Régime|French military personnel of the Franco-Dutch War|French military personnel of the Nine Years' War|French army commanders in the War of the Spanish Succession|French military personnel of the War of the Polish Succession|Marshals General of France|Members of the Académie française|Princes of Martigues|Dukes of Villars|Marquesses of Villars|Viscounts of Melun|Secretaries of State for War (France)|Governors of Provence|Recipients of the Order of the Holy Spirit |
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