“Close back unrounded vowel”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Close back unrounded vowel

释义

Features
Occurrence
See also
Notes
References

{{distinguish|text=the Armenian letter ա or the Cyrillic letter ш}}{{refimprove|date=May 2015}}{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ɯ
|ipa number=316
|decimal=623
|x-sampa=M
|kirshenbaum=u-
|imagefile=Close back unrounded vowel (vector).svg
|imagesize=150px
|braille=256 |braille2=u
}}

The close back unrounded vowel, or high back unrounded vowel,^[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. Acoustically it is a close back-central unrounded vowel.^[2] The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɯ}}}}. Typographically a turned letter m, given its relation to the sound represented by the letter u it can be considered a u with an extra "bowl". It is not to be confused with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|uɪ}}}}, a sequence of the symbols {{angle bracket|{{IPA|u}}}} and {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɪ}}}} (which represent the close back rounded vowel and the near-close front unrounded vowel, respectively), nor with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ω}}}}, which is an unofficial symbol for the near-close back unrounded vowel.

Features

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Acehnese^[3]		ace\|eu}}	[ɯ]}}	'see'	ɨ}}.^[4]^[5]
Alekano		gah-Latn\|hanuva}}	[hɑnɯβɑ]}}	'nothing'
Bashkir		ba\|ҡыҙ}}	[qɯð]}}	'girl'
Chinese	Hokkien Amoy dialects	nan-Hant\|豬}}	[tɯ]}}	'pig'
	Some Wu dialects	wuu-Hani\|父}}	[vɯ]}}	'father'
	Xiang	hsn-Hani\|火}}	[xɯ]}}	'fire'
Crimean Tatar		crh\|canım}}	[dʒanɯm]}}	'please'
English	Ladefoged\|1999\|pp=42–43}}	goose	[ɡɯˑs]}}	'goose'	uː}} in other dialects.
English	[6]{{sfnp>Bauer\|Warren\|2004\|p=585}}	treacle	[ˈtɹ̝̊iːkɯ]}}	'treacle'	/ɯ/}}, which is variable in rounding and ranges from central to (more often) back and close to close-mid.^[6]{{sfnp\|Bauer\|Warren\|2004\|p=585}} Corresponds to {{IPA\|/əl/}} in other accents. Develops from dark L; See New Zealand English phonology
Estonian{{sfnp\|Asu\|Teras\|2009\|p=369}}		et\|kõrv}}	[kɯrv]}}	'ear'	{{IPA\|ɤ}}}}; can be close-mid central {{IPAblink\|ɘ}} or close-mid back {{IPAblink\|ɤ}} instead, depending on the speaker.{{sfnp\|Asu\|Teras\|2009\|p=369}} See Estonian phonology
Garifuna		cab\|gürûgua}}	[ɡɯˈɹɯɡwə]}}	'bite'
Irish	Ulster	ga\|caol}}	[kʰɯːl̪ˠ]}}	'narrow'	See Irish phonology
Kensiu{{sfnp\|Bishop\|1996\|p=230}}		{{IPA\|[häjɯp]}}		'to know'
Korean{{sfnp\|Lee\|1999\|p=122}}		ko\|음식/飮食}} {{lang\|ko-Latn\|eumsik}}	[ɯːmɕik̚]}}	'food'	See Korean phonology
Kyrgyz		ky\|кыз}}	[qɯz]}}	'girl'	See Kyrgyz phonology
Ongota		{{IPA\|[kuˈbuːɯ]}}		'dry'
Scottish Gaelic		gd\|caol}}	[kʰɯːl̪ˠ]}}	'thin'	See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Shipibo^[7]		kuni	[ˈkɯni̞]}}	'whisker'
Sundanese		su\|meunang}}	[mɯnaŋ]}}	'get'
Thai{{sfnp\|Tingsabadh\|Abramson\|1993\|p=24}}		th\|ขึ้น}}^[8]	[kʰɯn˥˩]}}	'to go up'
Turkish^[9]		{{lang>tr\|sığ}}	[sɯː]}}	'shallow'	ɯ̽}}^[10] and close central {{IPAblink\|ɨ}}.^[11] See Turkish phonology
Turkmen		tk\|ýaşyl}}	[jäːˈʃɯl]}}	'green'
Tuvan		tyv\|Кызыл}}	[kɯˈzɯl]}}	'Kyzyl'
Uyghur		ug\|تىلىم}}	[tɯlɯm]}}	'my language'	ɪ}}. See Uyghur phonology
Vietnamese		vi\|tư}}	[tɯ]}}	'fourth'	See Vietnamese phonology
Xumi	Chirkova\|Chen\|Kocjančič Antolík\|2013\|p=389}}	{{IPA\|[^Hkɯ]}}{{what\|date=January 2019}}		'to bake'	/ʉ/}} after velar consonants.{{sfnp\|Chirkova\|Chen\|Kocjančič Antolík\|2013\|p=389}}
Yakut		sah-Cyrl\|тыл}}	[tɯl]}}	'tongue'

The symbol {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɯ}}}} is sometimes used for Japanese {{IPA|/u/}}, but that sound is rounded, albeit with labial compression rather than protrusion. It is more accurately described as an exolabial close back vowel.

Notes

1. ^{{Vowel terminology}}
2. ^Geoff Lindsey (2013) The vowel space, Speech Talk
3. ^Mid-vowels in Acehnese {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714044202/http://www.acehinstitute.org/Durie_1990.pdf |date=2010-07-14 }}
4. ^Agreement System in Acehnese {{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/6H8oiewmw?url=http://www.lc.mahidol.ac.th/Documents/Publication/MKS/11/abdul1982agreement.pdf |date=2013-06-05 }}
5. ^Acehnese Coda Condition
6. ^¹{{cite web|title=NZE Phonology|page=3|publisher=Victoria University of Wellington|url=http://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/research/projects/grinze-archived/publications/NZE_PhonologyPW.pdf}}
7. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=282}}
8. ^Dictionary entry for ขึ้น (kheun) (thai-language.com)
9. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=10}}
10. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Kılıç|Öğüt|2004}}
11. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Zimmer|Organ|1999|p=155}}

References

{{cite journal

|last=Asu
|first=Eva Liina
|last2=Teras
|first2=Pire
|year=2009
|title=Estonian
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=39
|issue=3
|pages=367–372
|doi=10.1017/s002510030999017x
}}

{{citation

|last1=Bauer
|first1=Laurie
|last2=Warren
|first2=Paul
|year=2004
|chapter=New Zealand English: phonology
|editor-last=Schneider
|editor-first=Edgar W.
|editor2-last=Burridge
|editor2-first=Kate
|editor3-last=Kortmann
|editor3-first=Bernd
|editor4-last=Mesthrie
|editor4-first=Rajend
|editor5-last=Upton
|editor5-first=Clive
|title=A handbook of varieties of English
|volume=1: Phonology
|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter
|pages=580–602
|isbn=3-11-017532-0
}}

{{cite journal

|last=Bishop
|first=Nancy
|year=1996
|title=A preliminary description of Kensiu (Maniq) phonology
|journal=Mon–Khmer Studies Journal
|volume=25
|url=http://sealang.net/archives/mks/pdf/25:227-253.pdf
}}

{{cite journal

}}{{dead link|date=August 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{citation

|last=Göksel
|first=Asli
|last2=Kerslake
|first2=Celia
|year=2005
|title=Turkish: a comprehensive grammar
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-0415114943
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126205921/http://www.eric.com.br/turkish-grammar/turkish-grammar.pdf
|archive-date=26 November 2014
|url=http://www.eric.com.br/turkish-grammar/turkish-grammar.pdf
}}

{{citation

|last=Ladefoged
|first=Peter
|authorlink=Peter Ladefoged
|year=1999
|chapter=American English
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|pages=41–44
}}

{{citation

|last=Lee
|first=Hyun Bok
|year=1999
|chapter=Korean
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association:A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|pages=120–123
|isbn=0-521-63751-1
}}

{{cite journal

|last=Tingsabadh
|first=M.R. Kalaya
|last2=Abramson
|first2=Arthur S.
|year= 1993
|title=Thai
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=23
|issue=1
|pages=24–26
|doi=10.1017/S0025100300004746
}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Valenzuela
|first1=Pilar M.
|last2=Márquez Pinedo
|first2=Luis
|last3=Maddieson
|first3=Ian
|year=2001
|title=Shipibo
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=31
|issue=2
|pages=281–285
|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40852342_Illustrations_of_the_IPA_Shipibo
|doi=10.1017/S0025100301002109
}}

{{Citation

|last=Wells
|first=John C.
|authorlink=John C. Wells
|year=1982
|title=Accents of English 3: Beyond The British Isles
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-521-28541-0
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3-484eVQ7t8TMC
}}

{{citation

|last=Zimmer
|first=Karl
|last2=Orgun
|first2=Orhan
|year=1999
|chapter=Turkish
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-521-65236-7
|pages=154–158
|chapter-url=http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf
}}{{refend}}{{IPA navigation}}

3 : Close vowels|Back vowels|Unrounded vowels

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Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References