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词条 Close front rounded vowel
释义

  1. Close front compressed vowel

     Features  Occurrence 

  2. Close front protruded vowel

     Features  Occurrence 

  3. See also

  4. Notes

  5. References

{{Short description|Vowel sound like "ee" [i] with rounded lips}}{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=y
|ipa number=309
|decimal=121
|x-sampa=y
|kirshenbaum=y
|braille=y
}}

The close front rounded vowel, or high front rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Acoustically it is a close front-central rounded vowel.[2] The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|y}}}}, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is y. Across many languages, it is most commonly represented orthographically as {{angle bracket|ü}} (in German, Turkish and Basque) or {{angle bracket|y}}, but also as {{angle bracket|u}} (in French and a few other Romance languages and also in Dutch and the Kernewek Kemmyn standard of Cornish); {{angle bracket|iu}}/{{angle bracket|yu}} (in the romanization of various Asian languages); {{angle bracket|ű}} (in Hungarian for the long duration version; the short version is the {{angle bracket|ü}} found in other European alphabets); or {{angle bracket|уь}} (in Cyrillic-based writing systems such as that for Chechen)

Short {{IPA|/y/}} and long {{IPA|/yː/}} occurred in pre-Modern Greek. In the Attic and Ionic dialects of Ancient Greek, front {{IPA|[y yː]}} developed by fronting from back {{IPA|/u uː/}} around the 6th to 7th century BC. A little later, the diphthong {{IPA|/yi/}} when not before another vowel monophthongized and merged with long {{IPA|/yː/}}. In Koine Greek, the diphthong {{IPA|/oi/}} changed to {{IPA|[yː]}}, likely through the intermediate stages {{IPA|[øi]}} and {{IPA|[øː]}}. Through vowel shortening in Koine Greek, long {{IPA|/yː/}} merged with short {{IPA|/y/}}. Later, {{IPA|/y/}} unrounded to {{IPA|[i]}}, yielding the pronunciation of Modern Greek. For more information, see the articles on Ancient Greek and Koine Greek phonology.

The close front rounded vowel is the vocalic equivalent of the labialized palatal approximant {{IPA|[ɥ]}}. The two are almost identical featurally. {{IPA|[y]}} alternates with {{IPA|[ɥ]}} in certain languages, such as French, and in the diphthongs of some languages, {{angle bracket|{{IPA|y̑}}}} with the non-syllabic diacritic and {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɥ}}}} are used in different transcription systems to represent the same sound.

In most languages, this rounded vowel is pronounced with compressed lips ('exolabial'). However, in a few cases the lips are protruded ('endolabial').

Close front compressed vowel

The close front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as {{angle bracket|{{IPA|y}}}}, and that is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter {{IPAalink|β̞}} as {{angle bracket|{{IPA|i͡β̞}}}} (simultaneous {{IPA|[i]}} and labial compression) or {{angle bracket|{{IPA|iᵝ}}}} ({{IPA|[i]}} modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic {{angle bracket|{{IPA|  ͍ }}}} may also be used with a rounded vowel letter {{angle bracket|{{IPA|y͍}}}} as an ad hoc symbol, though technically 'spread' means unrounded.

Features

{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}{{close vowel}}{{front vowel}}{{compressed vowel}}{{clear}}

Occurrence

Note: Because front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have protrusion.
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Albanian Standard sq|ylber}}[ylbɛɾ]}} 'rainbow' See Albanian phonology
Afrikaans Donaldson|1993|p=2}}af|u}}[y]}} 'you' (formal) See Afrikaans phonology
Azerbaijani{{sfnp|Mokari|Werner|2016|p=?}}az|güllə}}[ɟylˈla]}} 'bullet'
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[3] date=October 2014}}
Breton{{sfnp|Ternes|1992|pp=431, 433}}br|brud}}[bʁyːt̪]}} 'noise'
Catalan Recasens|1996|p=69}}ca|fulla}}[fyʎ̟ə]}} 'leaf' Found in Occitan and French loanwords. See Catalan phonology
ChineseLee|Zee|2003|pp=110–111}}{{sfnp|Duanmu|2007|pp=35–36}}cmn-Hani|女}} / {{lang|cmn-Latn|nǚ}}Zh-nǚ.ogg|[ny˩˧]|help=no}} 'woman' See Standard Chinese phonology and Cantonese phonology
Zee|1999|pp=59–60}}yue|書}} / {{lang|yue-Latn|syū}}Yue-syu1.ogg|[sy˥]|help=no}} 'book'
Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|p=328}}wuu|驢}}[ly˧]}} 'donkey'
Danish Grønnum|1998|p=100}}{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Johnson|2010|p=227}}da|synlig}}[ˈsyːnli]}} 'visible' See Danish phonology
Dutch Verhoeven|2005|p=245}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|2007|p=30}}nl|nu}}[ny]}} 'now' y˕}}.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=132}} The Standard Northern realization has also been described as close central {{IPAblink|ʉ}}.{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1992|p=47}} See Dutch phonology
EnglishLass|2002|p=116}}few{{IPA|[fjyː]}}'few'ʉː}}.{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=116}} See South African English phonology
Gimson|2014|p=91}}uː}} instead.{{sfnp|Gimson|2014|p=91}}
Watson|2007|p=357}}ʉː}} instead.
Ulster[4] /u/}}; occurs only after {{IPA|/j/}}.[4] See English phonology
Estonian{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=368}}et|üks}}[yks]}} 'one' See Estonian phonology
Faroese{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|pp=68, 74}}fo|mytisk}}[ˈmyːtɪsk]}} 'mythological' Árnason|2011|p=75}} See Faroese phonology
Finnish{{sfnp|Iivonen|Harnud|2005|pp=60, 66}}{{sfnp|Suomi|Toivanen|Ylitalo|2008|p=21}}fi|yksi}}[ˈyksi]}} 'one' See Finnish phonology
French{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}}{{sfnp|Lodge|2009|p=84}}fr|tu}}Fr-tu.ogg|[t̪y]|help=no}} 'you' y˕}}.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2013|p=225}} See French phonology
GermanHall|2003|pp=92, 107}}{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=34}}de|über}}De-über.ogg|[ˈyːbɐ]|help=no}} 'over' See Standard German phonology
Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}}de|schützen}}[ˈʃyt͡sn̩]}} 'protect' /ʏ/}} in Switzerland, Austria and partially also in Western and Southwestern Germany (Palatinate, Swabia).{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} See Standard German phonology
GreekTrudgill|2009|pp=86–87}}{{lang|el|σάλιο}} / {{lang|el-Latn|salio}}{{IPA|[ˈsäly]}}'saliva'Corresponds to {{IPA|/jo/}} in Standard Modern Greek.{{sfnp|Trudgill|2009|pp=86–87}}
Trudgill|2009|pp=86–87}}
Hungarian{{sfnp|Szende|1994|p=92}}hu|tű}}[t̪yː]}} 'pin' See Hungarian phonology
Iaai{{sfnp|Maddieson|Anderson|1994|p=164}}iai|ûû}}[yː]}} 'quarrel'
Koreanko|휘파람}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|hwiparam}}[çypʰɐɾɐm]}} 'whistle ' Koreans tend to pronounce as diphthong 'wi'. See Korean phonology
Limburgish{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=110}}{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}}li|zuut}}[zyːt]}} 'sees' ʉː}} in Maastricht.{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}} The example word is from the Weert dialect.
Lombard[5]Most dialects[5]lmo|ridüü}}{{lang|lmo|riduu}}[ri'dy:]}}'laughed'[5]
Low German{{sfnp|Prehn|2012|p=157}}nds|für}} / {{lang|nds-nl|fuur}}[fyːɐ̯]}} 'fire'
Luxembourgish{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=72}}lb|Hüll}}[hyl]}} 'envelope' Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=72}} See Luxembourgish phonology
Mongolian{{sfnp|Iivonen|Harnud|2005|pp=62, 66–67}}mn-Cyrl|түймэр}} / {{lang|mn-Latn|tüimer}}[tʰyːmɘɾɘ̆]}} 'prairie fire'
Norwegian{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=13, 20}}no|syd}}[syːd]}} 'south' [yː]}} and protruded {{IPAblink|y̫ː}}. It can be diphthongized to {{IPA|[yə̯]}}.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=19}}{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|pp=15–16}} See Norwegian phonology.
Plautdietsch Cox|Driedger|Tucker|2013|pp=224–245}}pdt|buut}}[byːt]}} 'builds' u}} in other varieties.{{sfnp|Cox|Driedger|Tucker|2013|pp=224–245}}
Portuguese Azorean[6] pt|figura}}[fiˈɣyɾə]}} 'figure'Stressed vowel, fronting of original {{IPA|/u/}} in some dialects.[6] See Portuguese phonology
Peninsular[7] pt|tudo}}[ˈt̪yðu]}} 'all'
Brazilian[8] pt|déjà vu}}[d̪e̞ʒɐ ˈvy]}} 'déjà vu' [u]}} or {{IPA|[i]}}. See Portuguese phonology
Ripuarian{{sfnp|Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer|1997|p=16}} nuus [nyːs]}} 'nothing' The example word is from the Kerkrade dialect.
Saterland Frisian{{sfnp|Fort|2001|p=411}}{{sfnp|Peters|2017|p=?}}stq|wüül}}[vyːl]}} 'wanted' (v.)
Swedish Riad|2014|pp=27–28}}sv|ut}}[yːt̪]}} 'out' [yβ̞]}} or {{IPA|[yβ]}}.{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=141}}{{sfnp|Riad|2014|p=28}} The height has been variously described as close {{IPA|[yː]}}{{sfnp|Riad|2014|pp=27–28}} and near-close {{IPAblink|ʏː}}.{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=140}}{{sfnp|Rosenqvist|2007|p=9}} Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ʉː}}}}; it is central {{IPAblink|ʉː}} in other dialects. See Swedish phonology
Turkish{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}}{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=11}}tr|güneş}}[ɟyˈn̪e̞ʃ]}} 'sun' See Turkish phonology
West Frisian{{sfnp|Tiersma|1999|p=11}}fy|út}}[yt]}} 'out' See West Frisian phonology

Close front protruded vowel

{{Infobox IPA
|above = Close front protruded vowel
|ipa symbol = y̫
|ipa symbol2 = yʷ
|ipa symbol3 = iʷ
}}

Catford notes that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few languages, such as Scandinavian ones, have protruded front vowels. One of these, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels (see near-close near-front rounded vowel, with Swedish examples of both types of rounding).

As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, {{angle bracket|{{IPA|  ̫}}}}, will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded front vowels. Another possible transcription is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|yʷ}}}} or {{angle bracket|{{IPA|iʷ}}}} (a close front vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.

Acoustically, this sound is "between" the more typical compressed close front vowel {{IPA|[y]}} and the unrounded close front vowel {{IPAblink|i}}.

Features

{{close vowel}}{{front vowel}}{{protruded vowel}}

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Norwegian{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=13, 20}}no|syd}}[sy̫ːd]}} 'south' [y̫ː]}} and compressed {{IPAblink|y͍|yː}}. It can be diphthongized to {{IPA|[y̫ə̯]}}.{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|p=19}}{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|pp=15–16}} See Norwegian phonology.
Swedish Engstrand|1999|pp=140–141}}{{sfnp|Riad|2014|p=26}}sv|yla}}[²y̫ːlä]}} 'howl' [y̫ɥ̫]}} or {{IPA|[y̫ɥ̫˔]}}{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=141}}{{sfnp|Riad|2014|p=26}} (hear the word: {{Audio-IPA|sv-yla.ogg|[²y̫ɥ̫lä]|help=no}}); it may also be fricated {{IPA|[y̫ᶻː]}} or, in some regions, fricated and centralized ({{IPAblink|ʉ|ʉᶻː}}).{{sfnp|Riad|2014|p=21}} See Swedish phonology

See also

  • Near-close near-front protruded vowel
  • Close central protruded vowel
  • Index of phonetics articles

Notes

1. ^{{Vowel terminology}}
2. ^Geoff Lindsey (2013) The vowel space, Speech Talk
3. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Traunmüller|1982}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=290}}
4. ^1 {{cite web|last=Jilka|first=Matthias|title=Irish English and Ulster English|place=Stuttgart|publisher=Institut für Linguistik/Anglistik, University of Stuttgart|page=6|url=http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/institut/mitarbeiter/jilka/teaching/dialectology/d9_Ireland.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421050911/http://ifla.uni-stuttgart.de/institut/mitarbeiter/jilka/teaching/dialectology/d9_Ireland.pdf|archivedate=21 April 2014}}
5. ^1 2 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=-e8pCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=it&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Vowel Length from Latin to Romance|last=Loporcaro|first=Michele|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-965655-4|location=|pages=93–96}}
6. ^1 Variação Linguística no Português Europeu: O Caso do Português dos Açores {{pt icon}}
7. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=tWk6gpv8ep0C&pg=PA186&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Portuguese: A Linguistic Introduction – by Milton M. Azevedo] Page 186.
8. ^{{pt icon}} The perception of German vowels by Portuguese-German bilinguals: do returned emigrants suffer phonological erosion? Pages 57 and 68.

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}}{{refend}}{{IPA navigation}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Close Front Rounded Vowel}}

3 : Close vowels|Front vowels|Rounded vowels
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