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词条 Close-mid front rounded vowel
释义

  1. Close-mid front compressed vowel

      Features    Occurrence  

  2. Close-mid front protruded vowel

     Features  Occurrence 

  3. See also

  4. Notes

  5. References

{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ø
|ipa number=310
|decimal=248
|x-sampa=2
|kirshenbaum=Y
|braille=ou
}}

The close-mid front rounded vowel, or high-mid front rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. Acoustically, it is a close-mid front-central rounded vowel.[2] The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the sound is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ø}}}}, a lowercase letter o with a diagonal stroke through it, borrowed from Danish, Norwegian, and Faroese, which sometimes use the letter to represent the sound. The symbol is commonly referred to as "o, slash" in English.

For the close-mid front rounded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ʏ}}}} or {{angle bracket|{{IPA|y}}}}, see near-close front rounded vowel. If the usual symbol is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ø}}}}, the vowel is listed here.

Close-mid front compressed vowel

The close-mid front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ø}}}}, which is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter {{IPAalink|β̞}} as {{angle bracket|{{IPA|e͡β̞}}}} (simultaneous {{IPA|[e]}} and labial compression) or {{angle bracket|{{IPA|eᵝ}}}} ({{IPA|[e]}} modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic {{angle bracket|{{IPA|  ͍ }}}} may also be used with a rounded vowel letter {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ø͍}}}} as an ad hoc symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.

For the close-mid front compressed vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ʏ}}}}, see near-close front compressed vowel. If the usual symbol is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ø}}}}, the vowel is listed here.

Features

{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}{{close-mid vowel}}{{front vowel}}{{compressed vowel}}{{clear}}

Occurrence

Note: Because front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have protrusion.
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[3] date=October 2014}}
Rowley|1990|p=422}}date=March 2017}}/e/}} before {{IPA|/l/}}.{{sfnp|Rowley|1990|p=422}}
Breton{{sfnp|Ternes|1992|pp=431, 433}}br|eur}}[øːʁ]}} 'hour'
Danish Basbøll|2005|p=46}}da|købe}}[ˈkʰøːb̥ə]}} 'buy' ø̝ː}}.[4] See Danish phonology
DutchGussenhoven|1999|p=74}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=133–134}}{{lang|nl|neus}}{{Audio-IPA|Nl-neus (Belgium).ogg|[nøːs]|help=no}}'nose'ɵː}}.{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}} In the Standard Northern variety, it is diphthongized to {{IPA|[øʏ̯]}}.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|pp=133–134}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1999|p=76}} See Dutch phonology
Collins|Mees|2003|pp=133–134}}Collins|Mees|2003|pp=133–135}} See Dutch phonology
EnglishWells|1982|p=607}}{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|2004|pp=582, 591}}bird{{IPA|[bøːd]}}'bird'/ɵː/}}. Other speakers use a more open vowel {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ø̞ː}} ~ {{IPAplink|œː}}]}}.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=607}}{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|2004|p=591}} See New Zealand English phonology
Collins|Mees|1990|p=95}}Lower {{IPA|[{{IPAplink|ø̞ː}} ~ {{IPAplink|œː}}]}} in other southern Welsh accents. It corresponds to mid central unrounded {{IPAblink|ɜ̝ː}} in other Welsh accents and in RP.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|pp=380–381}}{{sfnp|Tench|1990|p=136}}{{sfnp|Penhallurick|2004|p=104}}
Connolly|1990|p=125}}
Wells|1982|p=375}}{{sfnp|Watt|Allen|2003|pp=268–269}}ɜ̝ː}} instead.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=375}}
Lass|2002|p=116}}ø̞ː}} instead. In the Cultivated variety, it is realized as mid central unrounded {{IPAblink|ɜ̝ː}}.{{sfnp|Lass|2002|p=116}} See South African English phonology
Estonian{{sfnp|Asu|Teras|2009|p=368}}et|köök}}[køːk]}} 'kitchen' See Estonian phonology
FaroeseÁrnason|2011|pp=68, 74–75}}fo|høgur}}[ˈhøːʋʊɹ]}} 'high' [øœ ~ øə]}} instead.{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|pp=68, 75}} See Faroese phonology
Þráinsson|2004|p=350}}fo|bygdin}}[ˈpɪktøn]}} 'bridges' /i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}}.{{sfnp|Þráinsson|2004|p=350}} See Faroese phonology
French{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2013|p=225}}fr|peu}}[pø]}} 'few' See French phonology
GermanKohler|1999|p=87}}{{sfnp|Hall|2003|pp=95, 107}}de|schön}}de-schön.ogg|[ʃøːn]}} 'beautiful' See Standard German phonology
Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}}de|Hölle}}[ˈhølə]}} 'hell' /œ/}} in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria.{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} See Standard German phonology
Hungarian{{sfnp|Szende|1994|p=92}}hu|nő}}[nøː]}} 'woman' See Hungarian phonology
Iaai{{sfnp|Maddieson|Anderson|1994|p=164}}iai|møøk}}[møːk]}} 'to close eyes'
Limburgish Peters|2006|p=119}}{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2007|p=221}}li|beuk}}[bøːk²]}} 'beech' ɵː}} in Maastricht;{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}} the example word is from the Hamont dialect.
Lombard Most dialects[5] lmo|nööf}} / {{lang|lmo|noeuv}}[nøːf]}} 'new'
Low German{{sfnp|Prehn|2012|p=157}}nds|sön}} / {{lang|nds-nl|zeun}}[zøːn]}} 'son' Prehn|2012|p=157}}
Portuguese Micaelense[6] pt|boi}}[bø]}} 'ox' Allophone of {{IPAslink|o}}. See Portuguese phonology
Some European speakers[7] pt|dou}}[d̪øw]}} 'I give'
Ripuarian{{sfnp|Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer|1997|p=16}} meusj [møːʃ²]}} 'sparrow' The example word is from the Kerkrade dialect.
Saterland Frisian{{sfnp|Peters|2017|p=?}}stq|Göäte}}[ˈɡøːtə]}} 'gutter' {{IPA|œː}}}}. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to {{IPA|/ʏ/}} ({{IPAblink|ʏ|ʏ̞}}). The vowel typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|øː}}}} is actually near-close {{IPAblink|ø̝ː}}.{{sfnp|Peters|2017|p=?}}
West Frisian van der Veen|2001|p=102}}fy|beuch}}[bøːx]}}text=translation needed|date=December 2015}}[øy̑]}} in Standard West Frisian.{{sfnp|van der Veen|2001|p=102}} See West Frisian phonology

Close-mid front protruded vowel

{{Infobox IPA
|above = Close-mid front protruded vowel
|ipa symbol = ø̫
|ipa symbol3 = øʷ
|ipa symbol4 = eʷ
}}

Catford notes that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few, such as the Scandinavian languages, have protruded front vowels. One of them, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels (see near-close near-front rounded vowel, with Swedish examples of both types of rounding).

As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, {{angle bracket|{{IPA|  ̫}}}}, will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded front vowels. Another possible transcription is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|øʷ}}}} or {{angle bracket|{{IPA|eʷ}}}} (a close-mid front vowel modified by endolabialization), but that could be misread as a diphthong.

For the close-mid front protruded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ʏ}}}}, see near-close front protruded vowel. If the usual symbol is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ø}}}}, the vowel is listed here.

Acoustically, the sound is in between the more typical compressed close-mid front vowel {{IPA|[ø]}} and the unrounded close-mid front vowel {{IPAblink|e}}.

Features

{{close-mid vowel}}{{front vowel}}{{protruded vowel}}

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Norwegian{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=13, 20}}[8]no|søt}}[sø̫ːt]}} 'sweet' ɵː}}.{{sfnp|Kristoffersen|2000|pp=16–17, 33–35, 37, 343}} See Norwegian phonology
Swedish Engstrand|1999|pp=140-141}}sv|öl}}sv-öl.ogg|[ø̫ːl̪]}} 'beer' [øə̯]}}. See Swedish phonology

See also

  • Index of phonetics articles

Notes

1. ^{{Vowel terminology}}
2. ^Geoff Lindsey (2013) The vowel space, Speech Talk
3. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Traunmüller|1982}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=290}}
4. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|Wagner|1985|p=40}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Basbøll|2005|p=48}}.
5. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.it/books?id=-e8pCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=it&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Vowel Length from Latin to Romance|last=Loporcaro|first=Michele|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-965655-4|location=|pages=93–96}}
6. ^Variação Linguística no Português Europeu: O Caso do Português dos Açores {{pt icon}}
7. ^Lista das marcas dialetais e outros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP {{pt icon}}
8. ^While {{Harvcoltxt|Vanvik|1979}} does not describe the exact type of rounding of this vowel, some other sources (e.g. {{Harvcoltxt|Haugen|1974|p=40}}) state explicitly that it is protruded.

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3 : Close-mid vowels|Front vowels|Rounded vowels
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