“Close-mid front unrounded vowel”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Close-mid front unrounded vowel

释义

Features
Occurrence
See also
Notes
References

{{short description|Vowel sound used in some spoken languages}}{{Redirect|/e/|the operating system|/e/ (operating system)}}{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=e
|ipa number=302
|decimal=101
|x-sampa=e
|kirshenbaum=e
|braille=e
}}

The close-mid front unrounded vowel, or high-mid front unrounded vowel,^[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|e}}}}.

For the close-mid front rounded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɪ}}}} or {{angle bracket|{{IPA|i}}}}, see near-close front unrounded vowel. If the usual symbol is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|e}}}}, the vowel is listed here.

Features

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Afrikaans	Wissing\|2016\|loc=section "The unrounded mid-front vowel {{IPA\|/ɛ/}}"}}	af\|bed}}	[bet]}}	'bed'	{{IPA\|ɛ}}}}. The height varies between close-mid {{IPA\|[e]}} and mid {{IPAblink\|ɛ̝}}.{{sfnp\|Wissing\|2016\|loc=section "The unrounded mid-front vowel {{IPA\|/ɛ/}}"}} See Afrikaans phonology
Arabic	مَجْراهَا	See imala
Azerbaijani		az\|gecə}}	[ɟeˈd͡ʒæ]	'night'
Bavarian	Amstetten dialect^[2]	date=October 2014}}
Catalan{{sfnp\|Carbonell\|Llisterri\|1992\|p=54}}		ca\|més}}	[mes]}}	'more'	See Catalan phonology
Chinese	Chen\|Gussenhoven\|2015\|p=328}}	wuu-Hani\|该}}	[ke̠ʔ˩]}}	'should'	/ɛ/}}, which appears only in open syllables. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to {{IPA\|/ɪ/}} ({{IPAblink\|ɪ\|ɪ̞}}), which appears only in closed syllables.{{sfnp\|Chen\|Gussenhoven\|2015\|p=328}}
Czech	Palková\|1999\|p=187}}	cs\|led}}	[let]}}	'ice'	[{{IPAplink\|ɛ}} ~ {{IPAplink\|ɛ\|ɛ̠}} ~ {{IPAplink\|ɛ̝\|ɛ̝̈}}]}} in standard Czech.{{sfnp\|Dankovičová\|1999\|p=72}} See Czech phonology
Danish	Grønnum\|1998\|p=100}}{{sfnp\|Basbøll\|2005\|p=45}}	da\|hæl}}	[ˈheːˀl]}}	'heel'	ɛ̝ː}} in the conservative variety;{{sfnp\|Ladefoged\|Johnson\|2010\|p=227}} most often, it is transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket\|{{IPA\|ɛː}}}}. See Danish phonology
Dutch	Verhoeven\|2005\|p=245}}	nl\|vreemd}}	[vreːmt]}}	'strange'	[eɪ]}}. See Dutch phonology
English	Harrington\|Cox\|Evans\|1997}}	bed	[bed]}}	'bed'	See Australian English phonology
	Wells\|1982\|p=487}}	may	{{IPA\|[meː]}}	'may'	[eɪ]}}.{{sfnp\|Wells\|1982\|p=487}}
	Wells\|1982\|p=626}}
	Mahboob\|Ahmar\|2004\|p=1010}}				[eɪ]}} instead, depending on speaker.
	Watt\|Allen\|2003\|pp=268–269}}
	Scobbie\|Gordeeva\|Matthews\|2006\|p=7}}
	Deterding\|2000\|p=?}}
	Ulster^[3]				[ɛː~iə]}} in Belfast.
	Collins\|Mees\|1990\|p=95}}	square	[skweː]}}	'square'	ɛː}}.{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|1990\|p=95}}
Estonian{{sfnp\|Asu\|Teras\|2009\|p=368}}		et\|keha}}	[ˈkeɦɑ̝ˑ]}}	'body'	See Estonian phonology
Faroese{{sfnp\|Árnason\|2011\|pp=68, 74–75}}		fo\|frekur}}	[ˈfɹeː(ʰ)kʊɹ]}}	'greedy'	[eɛː ~ eəː]}} instead.{{sfnp\|Árnason\|2011\|pp=68, 75}} See Faroese phonology
French{{sfnp\|Fougeron\|Smith\|1993\|p=73}}{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2013\|p=225}}		fr\|beauté}}	[bot̪e]}}	'beauty'	See French phonology
German	Kohler\|1999\|p=87}}{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=34}}	de\|Seele}}	de-Seele.OGG\|[ˈzeːlə]\|help=no}}	'soul'	See Standard German phonology
	Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|pp=64–65}}	de\|Jäger}}	[ˈjeːɡɐ]}}	'hunter'	/ɛː–eː/}} merger found universally in Northern Germany, Eastern Germany and Eastern Austria (often even in formal speech) and in some other regions.{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|pp=64–65}} See Standard German phonology
	Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=64}}	{{lang\|de\|Bett}}	{{IPA\|[b̥et]}}	'bed'	/ɛ/}} in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria.{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=64}} See Standard German phonology
	{{sfnp>Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=64}}	{{lang\|de\|Bett}}	{{IPA\|[b̥et]}}	'bed'	ɛ}}.{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=64}} See Standard German phonology
Greek	Trudgill\|2009\|pp=83–84}}	date=April 2017}}	e̞}} in Modern Standard Greek.{{sfnp\|Trudgill\|2009\|p=81}} See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian{{sfnp\|Kráľ\|1988\|p=92}}		hu\|hét}}	[heːt̪]}}	'seven'	e̞ː}}.{{sfnp\|Szende\|1994\|p=92}} See Hungarian phonology
Italian{{sfnp\|Rogers\|d'Arcangeli\|2004\|p=119}}		it\|stelle}}	[ˈs̪t̪elle]}}	'stars'	See Italian phonology
Kaingang{{sfnp\|Jolkesky\|2009\|pp=676–677, 682}}		kre	[ˈkɾe]}}	'thigh'
Latin	Wheelock's Latin\|1956}}	la\|spes}}	[speːs]}}	'hope'
Limburgish	Gussenhoven\|Aarts\|1999\|p=159}}{{sfnp\|Peters\|2006\|p=119}}{{sfnp\|Verhoeven\|2007\|p=221}}	li\|leef}}	[leːf]}}	'dear'	The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Lower Sorbian{{sfnp\|Stone\|2002\|p=600}}		dsb\|měŕ}}	[merʲ]}}	'measure!'	[i̯ɛ]}} in slow speech.{{sfnp\|Stone\|2002\|p=600}}
Luxembourgish{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=70}}		lb\|drécken}}	[ˈdʀekən]}}	'to push'	/e/}} before velar consonants; in free variation with {{IPAblink\|ɛ}}.{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=70}} See Luxembourgish phonology
Norwegian{{sfnp\|Vanvik\|1979\|pp=13-14}}{{sfnp\|Kvifte\|Gude-Husken\|2005\|p=4}}		no\|le}}	[leː]}}	'laugh'	Vanvik\|1979\|pp=13-14}}{{sfnp\|Kvifte\|Gude-Husken\|2005\|p=4}} See Norwegian phonology
Persian		سه	[se]	'three'
Polish{{sfnp\|Jassem\|2003\|p=106}}		pl\|dzień}}	pl-dzień.ogg\|[d͡ʑeɲ̟]\|help=no}}	'day'	/ɛ/}} between palatal or palatalized consonants. See Polish phonology
Portuguese{{sfnp\|Cruz-Ferreira\|1995\|p=91}}		pt\|mesa}}	[ˈmezɐ]}}	'table'	See Portuguese phonology
Romanian	Pop\|1938\|p=29}}	ro\|vezi}}	[vezʲ]}}	'(you) see'	e̞}} in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian{{sfnp\|Jones\|Ward\|1969\|p=44}}		ru\|шея}}	Ru-шея.ogg\|[ˈʂejə]\|help=no}}	'neck'	Occurs only before soft consonants. See Russian phonology
Saterland Frisian{{sfnp\|Peters\|2017\|p=?}}		stq\|tään}}	[te̠ːn]}}	'thin'	{{IPA\|ɛː}}}}. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to {{IPA\|/ɪ/}} ({{IPAblink\|ɪ\|ɪ̞}}). The vowel typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket\|{{IPA\|eː}}}} is actually near-close {{IPAblink\|e̝ː}}.{{sfnp\|Peters\|2017\|p=?}}
Shiwiar{{sfnp\|Fast Mowitz\|1975\|p=2}}		date=July 2015}}	/a/}}.{{sfnp\|Fast Mowitz\|1975\|p=2}}
Slovak	Kráľ\|1988\|p=92}}	sk\|dcéra}}	[ˈt͡seːrä]}}	'daughter'	ɛ̝ː}} in Standard Slovak.{{sfnp\|Kráľ\|1988\|p=92}} See Slovak phonology
Sotho{{sfnp\|Doke\|Mofokeng\|1974\|p=?}}		st\|ho jwetsa}}	[hʊ̠ʒʷet͡sʼɑ̈]}}	'to tell'	Doke\|Mofokeng\|1974\|p=?}} See Sotho phonology
Swedish	Engstrand\|1999\|p=140}}{{sfnp\|Rosenqvist\|2007\|p=9}}	sv\|se}}	[s̪eː]}}	'see'	[eə̯]}} (hear the word: {{Audio-IPA\|Sv-se.ogg\|[s̪eə̯]\|help=no}}). See Swedish phonology
Tahitian		ty\|vahine}}	[vahine]}}	'woman'
Upper Sorbian{{sfnp\|Stone\|2002\|p=600}}{{sfnp\|Šewc-Schuster\|1984\|p=20}}		hsb\|wem}}	[ɥem]}}	'I know'	[i̯ɛ]}} in slow speech.{{sfnp\|Stone\|2002\|p=600}}{{sfnp\|Šewc-Schuster\|1984\|pp=32–33}} See Upper Sorbian phonology
Yoruba{{sfnp\|Bamgboṣe\|1969\|p=166}}		date=July 2015}}
Zapotec	Merrill\|2008\|pp=109–110}}	zts\|zied}}	[zied̪]}}	text=translation needed\|date=February 2015}}	/e/}} that occurs mostly after {{IPA\|/i/}}. In other environments, the most common realization is central {{IPAblink\|ɘ}}.{{sfnp\|Merrill\|2008\|pp=109–110}}

Notes

1. ^{{Vowel terminology}}
2. ^{{Harvcoltxt|Traunmüller|1982}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=290}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland|url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/x202-18a-ni.pdf}}

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}}{{refend}}{{IPA navigation}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Close-Mid Front Unrounded Vowel}}

3 : Close-mid vowels|Front vowels|Unrounded vowels

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Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References