1. Background

2. Recording

3. Composition

4. Packaging

5. Release

6. Reception

7. Legacy

8. Track listing

9. Personnel
    Musicians  Guest musicians  Technical personnel 

10. Chart positions

11. Certifications

12. References

Closing Time is the debut album by American singer-songwriter Tom Waits, released in March 1973 on Asylum Records. Produced and arranged by former Lovin' Spoonful member Jerry Yester, Closing Time was the first of seven of Waits' major releases by Asylum.

The album is noted for being predominantly folk influenced^[3] although Waits intended for Closing Time to be "a jazz, piano-led album."^[4] Upon release, the album was mildly successful in the United States, although it did not chart and received little attention from music press in the United Kingdom^[5] and elsewhere internationally. Critical reaction to Closing Time was positive.^[6][7] The album's only single, "Ol' '55", attracted attention due to a cover version by Waits's more popular label mates, the Eagles. Other songs from the album were covered by Tim Buckley^[8] and Bette Midler.^[9] The album was certified Gold in the UK^[10] and has gained a contemporary cult following among rock fans.^[11] Since its release, the album has been reissued on LP in 1976, on CD in 1992 and 1999, and 180 gram LP in 2010.

Background

Tom Waits began his musical career in 1970, performing every Monday night at The Troubadour, a venue in West Hollywood, California.^[12] Waits' setlist at these series of shows, described as "hootenanny nights",^[13] consisted primarily of Bob Dylan covers,^[14] although it included songs which would later appear on Closing Time and its successor, The Heart of Saturday Night (1974). Among the songs performed were "Ice Cream Man", "Virginia Avenue", "Ol' '55", "I Hope That I Don't Fall in Love with You", "Shiver Me Timbers" and "Diamonds on my Windshield." Around this time, Waits began working as a doorman at a San Diego, California, club, The Heritage, which was a coffee house by day. In November 1970, Waits performed his first paid show at The Heritage, earning $25 for his performance.^[15] At a Troubadour performance in summer 1971, Herb Cohen inadvertently spotted Waits and became his manager. Through Cohen's contacts, Waits recorded demos in Los Angeles in late summer 1971 with producer Robert Duffey, later released as The Early Years in two volumes, against Waits' wishes. In order to focus on his career, Waits relocated from San Diego to Los Angeles in early 1972 and performed more frequently at The Troubadour, where David Geffen discovered him performing "Grapefruit Moon."^[16] The performance, which "floored" Geffen,^[17] led Geffen to negotiate with Waits' manager Cohen, and Waits signed to Asylum Records within a month.

Recording

Before recording the album, Waits became friends with his designated producer Jerry Yester and one afternoon in early 1972 recorded a pre-production tape in Yester's residence.^[18] The instrumentation, recording arrangements, and musicians were also discussed during this session with Waits making it "absolutely clear he wanted a standup bass player."^[19] Drummer John Seiter, guitarist Peter Klimes, trumpeter Tony Terran and additional guitarist Shep Cooke were recruited through Yester and through Seiter, jazz bassist Bill Plummer was hired.^[19]

The main recording sessions for Closing Time took place at Sunset Sound Recorders in Hollywood, California—where Buffalo Springfield, Joni Mitchell, Neil Young and The Doors had previously recorded—during spring 1972. Yester fronted production and the sessions were held almost immediately after Waits' record deal, and were described "quick and efficient."^[20] Waits was "nervous, but confident enough in his own material"^[20] during the beginning of the sessions; however, as the sessions progressed, Waits and Yester "were pulling against each other" over the direction which the album would take, with Waits wanting a jazz-laden record and Yester more focused on producing a folk-based album.^[4] Despite this, Waits was "absolutely communicative"^[21] with his fellow musicians, articulating his direction and using metaphors to describe how he wanted the songs to sound. The sessions took a total of ten days, with the first two days focusing on "getting used to [the studio]."^[22] Both Waits and Yester wanted to record during the evening, but as no slots were available, it was recorded through the morning and afternoon "from ten to five every day."^[22] During the recording of "Ol' '55", Seiter contributed backing vocals and "came up with a perfect harmony line that started faintly before the chorus even began."^[21] The sessions concluded with a total of nine songs completed. Though unsatisfied with the number of songs, a second recording session was arranged the following week in United Western Recorders. The final session for Closing Time began the following Sunday, with guest musicians Arni Egilsson replacing Plummer and Jesse Erlich performing cello.^[23] The title track, "Closing Time", was the only song recorded in full, and Yester later described the session as "the most magical session I've ever been involved with. At the end of it, no one spoke for what felt like five minutes, either in the booth or out in the room. No one budged. Nobody wanted the moment to end."^[23] String overdubs were later cut for "Martha" and "Grapefruit Moon" the following day. The final recordings were mixed and mastered at Wally Heider Studios in San Francisco.^[24]

Composition

Closing Time features an eclectic mix of musical styles. Songs such as "Ol '55", with its "gentle slipnote piano chords",^[21] and "Old Shoes", "a country-rock waltz that picked up the feel of 'Ol' 55'", are usually considered folk-like. Other songs such as "Virginia Avenue", "Midnight Lullaby", whose outro features an instrumental segment of the nursery rhyme "Hush Little Baby", and "Grapefruit Moon" reveal a quieter, more jazz-like temperament. "Ice Cream Man" is often noted as being the most "up-tempo"^[25] song of the album, whereas "Lonely" is toned-down and slow-paced. The sophisticated piano melodies are often accompanied by trumpets, typical of the jazz sound that Waits originally designated for the album.^[21] Noticeable string arrangements are also featured on the album, on "Martha" and the final song "Closing Time", the latter being purely instrumental.

The songs on Closing Time are often noted for their lyrical content and vary in form. "Ol' '55" narrates the story of a man riding "lickety splitly" in a car and is often seen as a song about escapism, "like his near-contemporary Bruce Springsteen."^[26] This theme is also present in "Old Shoes" which narrates another story about "a footloose young stud hitting the road and semi-sneering",^[27] particularly in lyrics such as "your tears cannot bind me anymore" and "my heart was not born to be tamed." Other lyrics on the album are described as melancholic, particularly "Lonely", "I Hope That I Don't Fall in Love with You" and "Grapefruit Moon", which are "both self-conscious and lacklustre".^[26] The intro to "Midnight Lullaby" borrows lyrics from the English nursery rhyme "Sing a Song of Sixpence".^[27] This form of song-writing became a lifelong habit of Waits following the writing of "Midnight Lullaby", in which he "assembled lyrics from fragments of oral tradition."^[27]

Packaging

Release

Reception

After its release, Closing Time was received positively by the American music press, although coverage was limited. In Rolling Stone, the album was referred to as "a remarkable debut album", compared to Randy Newman, and was branded a "boozier, earthier version of same and delights in rummaging through the attics of nostalgia, the persona that emerges from this remarkable debut album is Waits's own, at once sardonic, vulnerable and emotionally charged"^[34] while Village Voice critic Robert Christgau noted that with his "jazz-schooled piano and drawling delivery ... Waits exploits an honest sentimentality which he undercuts just enough to be credible".^[30]

The album received little coverage the United Kingdom and elsewhere internationally, with its promotion being little more than a featured advert in the NME.^[5] Closing Time did not chart upon its release although in 2000, the album peaked at number 28 in the Irish Albums Chart.^[53] The album was certified Silver in the United Kingdom in 2004 with shipments of over 60,000 copies and was later certified Gold in 2012 with shipments of over 100,000 copies.^[10]

Legacy

William Ruhlmann, in a retrospective AllMusic review, holds the album in high regard, describing "his lovelorn lyrics" as being "sentimental without being penetrating. But he also has a gift for gently rolling pop melodies" and his "self-conscious melancholy can be surprisingly moving."^[25]

Closing Time reached a wider audience through cover versions of its songs by more successful artists and have since continued to have been covered. Later in 1973, Tim Buckley released the album Sefronia, with a cover of "Martha,"^[8] the first ever cover of a Waits song by a known artist. Buckley's version was also included in the 1995 tribute compilation The Songs of Tom Waits. "Martha" was covered again in 1979 by Bette Midler on Saturday Night Live^[9] and by Meat Loaf on Welcome to the Neighborhood (1995).^[35] "Ol' '55" was recorded by The Eagles for On the Border (1974).^[36] "Rosie" was recorded by The Beat Farmers for their album The Pursuit of Happiness. (1987)^[37] "Ice Cream Man" was covered in 1991 by Screamin' Jay Hawkins for Black Music For White People^[38] and "Lonely" was covered live by Bat for Lashes and included on the deluxe edition of her album Two Suns (2009).^[39] Covers of "I Hope That I Don't Fall in Love with You" can be found on Step Right Up (by 10,000 Maniacs), The Prince and Me soundtrack (by Marc Cohn), Hootie & the Blowfish's Scattered, Smothered and Covered compilation, 10,000 Maniacs' Campfire Songs compilation, and "Heart and Soul," an episode of Ally McBeal, where it is sung by Jon Bon Jovi.

Track listing

All songs written and composed by Tom Waits.

Personnel

Musicians

• Tom Waits – vocals, piano, guitar, harmonium, harpsichord, celeste
• Delbert Bennett – trumpet
• Shep Cooke – guitar, backing vocals on "Old Shoes (& Picture Postcards)"
• Peter Klimes – guitar, pedal steel guitar on "Rosie"
• Bill Plummer – double bass
• John Seiter – drums; backing vocals on "Ol' 55" and "Rosie"

Guest musicians

• Arni Egilsson – bass guitar on "Closing Time" (Instrumental)
• Jesse Ehrlich – cello on "Martha"
• Tony Terran – trumpet on "Closing Time" (Instrumental)

Technical personnel

• Ed Caraeff – photography
• Richie Moore – additional engineering
• Cal Schenkel – design, artwork
• Jerry Yester – production, engineering

Chart positions

Certifications

References

Sources

• {{cite book|title=Lowside of the Road: A Life of Tom Waits|last=Hoskyns|first=Barney|authorlink=Barney Hoskyns|year=2009|publisher=Faber and Faber|isbn=978-0-571-24503-1}}
• {{cite book|title=The Many Lives of Tom Waits|last=Humphries|first=Patrick|year=2007|publisher=Omnibus Press|isbn=978-1-84772-509-7}}
• {{cite book|title=Wild Years: The Music and Myth of Tom Waits|last=Jacobs|first=Jay S.|year=2006|publisher=ECW Press|isbn=978-1-55022-716-1}}

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