| 词条 | Cochabamba |
| 释义 |
|settlement_type = City & Municipality |official_name = Cochabamba |nicknames = "City of Eternal Spring" "The Garden City" "La Llajta" |motto = |image_skyline = Telefericocochabamba.jpg |imagesize = 280px |image_caption = |image_flag =Flag_of_Cochabamba.svg |image_shield = File:Escudo de Cochabamba.svg |image_seal = |pushpin_map = Bolivia |pushpin_label_position = bottom |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bolivia |coordinates = {{coord|17|23|S|66|10|W|region:BO|display=inline,title}} |pushpin_mapsize = 280 |map_caption = Location of Cochabamba in Bolivia |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{flag|Bolivia}} |subdivision_type1 = Department |subdivision_name1 = Cochabamba |subdivision_type2 = Province |subdivision_name2 = Cercado Province |subdivision_type3 = Municipality |subdivision_name3 = Cochabamba Municipality |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |government_type = Municipal Autonomous Government |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = José María Leyes |established_title = Founded |established_title2 = |established_date = August 15, 1571 |established_date2 = |area_magnitude = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_total_km2 = 170 |area_land_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = 169 |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = 1 |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_urban_km2 = 111 |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |population_as_of = 2012 Census |population_note = |population_urban = 630,587 |population_metro = 1,938,401 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_density_sq_mi = |population_footnotes = [1] |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |elevation_m = 2558 |elevation_ft = |blank_name = Climate |blank_info = BSk |website = Official website |footnotes = }} Cochabamba ({{lang-ay|Quchapampa}}; {{lang-qu|Quchapanpa}}) is a city and municipality in central Bolivia in a valley in the Andes mountain range. It is the capital of the Cochabamba Department and the fourth largest city in Bolivia, with a population of 630,587 according to the 2012 Bolivian census.[1] Its name is from a compound of the Quechua words qucha "lake" and pampa, "open plain."[2] Residents of the city and the surrounding areas are commonly referred to as cochalas or, more formally, cochabambinos. It is known as the "City of Eternal Spring" or "The Garden City" because of its spring-like temperatures all year round. It is also known as "La Llajta," which means "town" in Quechua. HistoryPre-Inca and IncaThe Cochabamba valley has been inhabited for thousands of years due to its fertile productive soils and mild climate. Archaeological evidence suggests that the initial inhabitants were of indigenous ethnic groups: Tiwanaku, Tupuraya, Mojocoya, Omereque, and Inca inhabited the valley at times before the Spanish arrived.[3] The area got its name, from Quechua Kochaj-pampa, as part of the Inca civilization. The area was conquered by Topa Inca Yupanqui (ruled 1471-1493). His son Huayna Capac turned Cochabamba into a large production enclave or state farm to serve the Incas. Possibly depopulated during the conquest, Huayna Capac imported 14,000 people, called mitimas, to work the land. The principal crop was maize which could not be grown in much of the high and cold heartland of the Inca Empire. The maize was stored in 2,400 storehouses (qollqas) in the hills overlooking the valley or transported by llama caravan to storage sites in Paria, Cusco, of other Inca administrative centers. Most of the maize was probably used to sustain the Inca army during its campaigns.[4] Spanish and BolivianThe first Spanish inhabitant of the valley was Garci Ruiz de Orellana in 1542. He purchased the majority of the land from local tribal chiefs Achata and Consavana through a title registered in 1552 at the Imperial City of Potosí. The price paid was 130 pesos. His residence, known as the House of Mayorazgo, stands in the Cala Cala neighborhood. The city, called Villa de Oropesa, was founded on 2 August 1571 by order of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo, Count of Oropesa. It was to be an agricultural production centre to provide food and wood[5] for the mining towns of the relatively nearby Altiplano region, particularly Potosí which became one of the largest and richest cities in the world during the 16th and 17th centuries — funding the vast wealth that ultimately made Spain a world power. In fact, Anthropologist Jack Weatherford and others have cited the city of Potosí as the birth of capitalism because of the money it and materialism it provided Spain.[6] Thus, with the silver mining industry in Potosi at its height, Cochabamba thrived during its first centuries. However, the city entered a period of decline during the 18th century as mining began to wane. In 1786, King Charles III of Spain renamed the city to the 'loyal and valiant' Villa of Cochabamba. This was done to commend the city's pivotal role in suppressing the indigenous rebellions of 1781 in Oruro by sending armed forces to Oruro to quell the uprisings. Since the late 19th century it has again been generally successful as an agricultural centre for Bolivia. The 1793 census shows that the city had a population of 22,305 persons. There were 12,980 mestizos, 6,368 Spaniards, 1,182 indigenous natives, 1,600 mulattos and 175 African slaves. In 1812, Cochabamba was the site of a riot against the Spanish Army. On May 27, thousands of women took up arms against the Spanish. According to historian Nathaniel Aguirre: "From Cochabamba, many men have fled. Not one woman. On the hillside, a great clamor. Cochabamba's plebeian women, at bay, fight from the center of a circle of fire. Surrounded by five thousand Spaniards, they resist with battered tin guns and a few arquebuses; and they fight to the last yell, whose echoes will resound throughout the long war for independence. Whenever his army weakens, General Manuel Belgrano will shout those words which never fail to restore courage and spark anger. The general will ask his vacillating soldiers: 'Are the women of Cochabamba present?"[7] To celebrate their bravery, Bolivia now marks May 27 as Mother's Day.[8] In 1900, the population was 21,886. Besides a number of schools and charitable institutions, the diocese has 55 parishes, 80 churches and chapels, and 160 priests.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} In 1998, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) agreed to give Bolivia a loan of $138 million to control inflation and promote economic growth. However, it only agreed to do so on the condition that Bolivia sell "all remaining public enterprises," including its national oil refineries and the local water company, SEMAPA.[9] In 1999, a group of private investors, specifically the Bechtel Corporation, came together under the name of Aguas del Tunari and bought the rights for the privatization of the city's water.[10] In that same year, the World Bank (WB) refused to subsidize the water to help lower the cost for the people. Then in 2000, the people of Cochabamba began to protest as water priced hiked to a 50% increase that the majority could not afford.[11] The Coalition for the Defense of Water and Life, and its leader Oscar Olivera, started a demonstration in La Plaza 14 de Septiembre also known as La Plaza Principal. The march was meant to be peaceful, but after two days the police used tear gas against the protestors and injured about 175 people and blinded two. Soon after, news reports were made about the protests and the violence.[9] The Defense of Water and Life held an unofficial referendum and 96% of 50,000 people want Aguas del Tunari's contract to terminate, but the government refused. The protests only grew and the entire world began to watch forcing Bechtel to leave its contract and return SEMAPA to the public. Bechtel as well tried to sue the Bolivian government for $50 million but it withdrew its claim shortly after.[11] This event was soon labeled the Water Wars and became a driving force for anti-globalization projects such as the UN's decision to make water sanitation a human right and privatization of water as unethical in 2010. Additionally, the Water Wars would help spark the next revolt against the privatization of natural gases in 2003 to 2005 that would lead to the removal of two presidents and the rise of President Evo Morales in 2006.[12] In January 2007 city dwellers clashed with mostly rural protestors, leaving four dead and over 130 injured. The first democratically elected Prefect of Cochabamba, Manfred Reyes Villa, had allied himself with the leaders of Bolivia's Eastern Departments in a dispute with President Evo Morales over regional autonomy and other political issues. The protestors blockaded the highways, bridges, and main roads, having days earlier set fire to the departmental seat of government, trying to force the resignation of Reyes Villa. Citizens attacked the protestors, breaking the blockade and routing them, while the police did little to stop the violence. Further attempts by the protestors to reinstate the blockade and threaten the government were unsuccessful, but the underlying tensions have not been resolved. In July 2007, a monument erected by veterans of January's protest movement in honor of those killed and injured by government supporters was destroyed in the middle of the night, reigniting racial conflicts in the city. In August 2008, a nationwide referendum was held. The prefect of Cochabamba, Manfred Reyes Villa, was not confirmed by the voters of the department. The mayor of Cochabamba in 2018 Karen. ClimateCochabamba's famous "Eternal Spring" continues to hold sway over the hearts of true Cochalos. Neither experiencing the humid heat of Santa Cruz nor the frigid winds of La Paz, Cochabamba enjoys a semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSk). The characteristic of the climate is an extended dry season that runs from May until October with a wet season that generally begins in November with the principal rains ending in March. {{Weather box|location = Cochabamba |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 35.0 |Feb record high C = 30.0 |Mar record high C = 30.6 |Apr record high C = 30.0 |May record high C = 28.9 |Jun record high C = 30.0 |Jul record high C = 28.3 |Aug record high C = 30.6 |Sep record high C = 30.6 |Oct record high C = 32.8 |Nov record high C = 31.7 |Dec record high C = 32.8 |Jan high C = 23.9 |Feb high C = 23.3 |Mar high C = 24.4 |Apr high C = 25.0 |May high C = 24.4 |Jun high C = 23.3 |Jul high C = 23.3 |Aug high C = 23.9 |Sep high C = 25.6 |Oct high C = 26.1 |Nov high C = 25.6 |Dec high C = 25.0 |year high C = 24.5 |Jan mean C = 18.1 |Feb mean C = 17.5 |Mar mean C = 17.5 |Apr mean C = 16.4 |May mean C = 14.2 |Jun mean C = 12.2 |Jul mean C = 12.5 |Aug mean C = 13.9 |Sep mean C = 16.7 |Oct mean C = 18.1 |Nov mean C = 18.3 |Dec mean C = 18.3 |year mean C = 16.1 |Jan low C = 12.2 |Feb low C = 11.7 |Mar low C = 10.6 |Apr low C = 7.8 |May low C = 3.9 |Jun low C = 1.1 |Jul low C = 1.7 |Aug low C = 3.9 |Sep low C = 7.8 |Oct low C = 10.0 |Nov low C = 11.1 |Dec low C = 11.7 |year low C = 7.8 |Jan record low C = 7.2 |Feb record low C = 3.3 |Mar record low C = 2.2 |Apr record low C = -1.1 |May record low C = -4.4 |Jun record low C = -6.7 |Jul record low C = -5.0 |Aug record low C = -5.6 |Sep record low C = -3.3 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = 5.0 |Dec record low C = 5.6 |precipitation colour= green |Jan precipitation mm = 94.0 |Feb precipitation mm = 68.8 |Mar precipitation mm = 38.4 |Apr precipitation mm = 12.7 |May precipitation mm = 2.3 |Jun precipitation mm = 1.3 |Jul precipitation mm = 2.5 |Aug precipitation mm = 7.6 |Sep precipitation mm = 6.1 |Oct precipitation mm = 20.8 |Nov precipitation mm = 38.1 |Dec precipitation mm = 70.1 |year precipitation mm = 362.7 |source 1= Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial[13] |date=October 2012}} People and culture{{Historical populations|title = Historical population of Cochabamba |align = right |percentages = pagr |footnote = |source = 1793, 1967;[14] 1835;[15] 1854, 1950;[16] 1900;[17] 1992;[18] 2001;[19] 2012[20] |1793 |22305 |1835 |14162 |1854 |35800 |1900 |21886 |1950 |74949 |1967 |137004 |1992 |414307 |2001 |516683 |2012 |630587 }} Cochabamba is known as the heart of Bolivia and the gastronomic capital.[21] Traditional cuisine includes: salteñas, chuño, tucumanas, pique macho, silpancho, anticucho, sopa de mani, chicharrón, and many more dishes.[22] Commensurate with other large cities in the Andean highlands of South America, Cochabamba is a city of contrasts. Its central commercial districts, bounded by [https://web.archive.org/web/20080621061547/http://www.cbba.info/karte/mymapa.php?aktmuni=7&aktanzeige=lugar&aktlugar=2 Plaza Colón] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20080115102335/http://www.cbba.info/karte/mymapa.php?aktmuni=7&aktanzeige=lugar&aktlugar=1 Plaza 14 de Septiembre], are generally equipped with modern urban amenities and are where the majority of the city's formal business and commercial industries are based. La Cancha, the largest open air market in South America, is also an active place where locals can buy a range of items.[23] An active nightlife is centered around [https://web.archive.org/web/20090106214155/http://www.cbba.info/karte/mymapa.php?aktanzeige=calle&aktcalle=3 Calle España] and along the broad, tree-lined boulevard, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090107015853/http://www.cbba.info/karte/mymapa.php?aktanzeige=calle&aktcalle=28 El Prado]. In contrast, the remote area adjacent to the Wilstermann International Airport is visibly impoverished, with adobe homes and unpaved roads, which is often the first impression visitors acquire while commuting into the city. In 2009, the government under President Evo Morales created a new constitution that declared Spanish and 36 other indigenous languages as the official languages of the country.[24] However, the most widely spoken languages in Cochabamba are Spanish and Quechua. Although the Spanish that is spoken in the Cochabamba region is generally regarded as rather conservative in its phonetics and vocabulary, the use of Quechua terminology (wawa [child] and wistupiku [mouth or twist lips][25]) has been widely incorporated into its standardized form. As with most cities around the globe, English language is increasingly spoken and understood, particularly among business-minded indigenous and repatriated Cochabambinos. English-language instruction has become incorporated into some private schools and universities, but is not taught universally, therefore a vast majority of the population does not speak English. About four-fifths of the population of Bolivia identifies as Catholic.[24] The city's demographics consist of the following visible groups in order of prevalence: Western Hemispheric indigenous (mostly of Quechua and Aymara ethnicity), Mestizo or mixed Indigenous, and a minority of white Caucasoid and mixed white (Criollos). GovernmentCochabamba, formally the municipality of Cercado, is the capital of Cochabamba department. The city government is divided into executive and legislative branches. The mayor of Cochabamba is the head of the city government, elected by general election for a term of five years. The mayor heads an executive branch, which includes six sub-mayors and a variety of departments comprising 950 functionaries.[26] The 11-member municipal council is the legislative branch. The current mayor is José María Leyes of the Social Democrat Movement (MDS for its initials in Spanish). Economy{{Refimprove section|date=February 2010}}The area where Cochabamba is situated is commonly referred to as the granary of Bolivia. Its climate is milder than that of the Altiplano region to the west and thus permits extensive agriculture, including grains, potatoes, and coffee in the highlands and sugar cane, cocoa beans, tobacco, and fruit in the Chapare tropical lowlands, an area that had been one of the country's main coca-leaf-producing regions.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} Cochabamba is also the industrial hub of Bolivia, producing cars, cleaning products, cosmetics, chemicals, and other items like cement. The economy of Cochabamba is characterized by produce goods and services. Recently, the software industry is becoming important with one big company (Jalasoft ) and several small software developers. The airline Boliviana de Aviación has its headquarters in Cochabamba.[27] The defunct airline Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano (LAB Airlines) had its management offices on the grounds of Jorge Wilstermann Airport in Cochabamba.[28][29] In Cochabamba construction has been rapidly increasing in the last couple of years with more than 750 construction sites per year. Cochabamba is one of the main hubs for cocaine dealers in South America.[30][31][32][33] In June 2012 the Colombian newspaper El Tiempo gained access to intelligence reports that showed that cocaine cartels were the economic force behind condominiums and real estate as well as industries such as meat processing.[34] Urban transportThe metropolitan area of Cochabamba (Vinto, Tiquipaya, Quillacollo, Colcapirhua, Cochabamba and Sacaba) has an extensive transportation system, which cover all the districts. There are almost 70 bus and minibus lines, from A to Z, and dozens of minibuses and taxi lines trufis. Most lines have GPS system for monitoring and regulation of hour (line 1, line 16, line L, Line 3V, line 20, line 30, etc.). The service or commonly called T.RU.FI (taxi con ruta fija) has at least 60 lines; they are identified by signs on the roof of the vehicle showing the route from the initial stop until the final stop is also indicated line number to which it belongs. The busiest bus lines are:
And the busiest taxi trufi lines are:
Light RailConstruction on an interurban light rail network linking Cochabamba with Suticollo, El Castillo and San Simon University began in 2017 and is due to be finished in 2020.[35] Basic servicesThese companies are nationally recognized:
MediaCochabamba, as a department with high turnover, have established many media including: Print mediaThere are several newspapers in Cochabamba; there is also movement of national and international newspapers, highlighting the following:
Radio stationsThe main radio stations scattered across the department and the capital are:
Television channelsIn the capital and throughout the department there are many television channels that broadcast on a local, provincial, national or international all day or part of it. The transmission towers that transmit channels nationally and internationally are in the high Cala Cala, Villa Moscu or Villa Taquiña.
EducationThe city is the home of the University of San Simón (UMSS, for "Universidad Mayor de San Simón"), one of the largest and most prominent public universities in Bolivia. UMSS is the second best university in Bolivia according to QS World University Rankings in 2013, but measured by the webmetric scores as the first one during 2013-2017. Among the private universities in Bolivia ranking between the top ten are the Universidad Privada Boliviana (a prestigious business university), Universidad del Valle (strong university in medicine with large enrollment of international students) and Universidad Católica Boliviana "San Pablo". Other well-ranked universities includes Escuela Militar de Ingenieria "Antonio Jose de Sucre", Universidad Simón I. Patiño, Universidad de Aquino Bolivia, Universidad Adventista de Bolivia, Universidad Privada Domingo Savio and Universidad Privada Abierta Latinoamericana (UPAL). Cochabamba became the second recipient city of Brazilians student in Bolivia after the city of Santa Cruz due to the affordable and good living conditions of the city. Also is the home of one of the best schools of Bolivia, Colegio San Agustín AirportCochabamba is served by the modern Jorge Wilstermann International Airport (IATA code CBB), which handles domestic and international flights. It houses the headquarters of Boliviana de Aviación (BOA) Bolivia's national airline and Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano, Bolivia's former national airline. Other domestic airlines that serve the airport include Amaszonas, Ecojet, and Transportes Aéreo Militar. NeighborhoodsCochabamba is a steadily emerging market within the Bolivian real estate industry. Since 2010, it became the city with most surface area in construction in Bolivia overpassing Santa Cruz and La Paz. There are many middle and large buildings under construction by 2012. An annual mild climate, abundant greenery, mountain vistas, and a progressive local economy are factors that have contributed to the city's appeal for Bolivian nationals, expatriates and foreigners alike. Historic and affluent neighbourhoods such as Cala Cala, El Mirador, and Lomas de Aranjuez showcase some of the city's most distinguished residences.
Metropolitan areaThe city is connected with the next towns and cities:
Additional notes of interest
MigrationHistorically, Cochabamba has been a destination for many Bolivians due to relatively improved economic opportunities and a more temperate climate. Bolivia's current President Evo Morales and ex-president Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada were both Senators representing Cochabamba, although they were born in Oruro and La Paz respectively and immigrated to Cochabamba at the start of their political careers. After the road to the eastern city of Santa Cruz de la Sierra was completed in the 1950s, thousands of people from Cochabamba migrated to the lowlands and permanently settled. Many migrants from Cochabamba and their descendants now identify themselves as Cambas after absorbing the regional Bolivian culture of the eastern lowlands, but maintain familiar ties with relatives that remained in Cochabamba. A large population of Bolivian and Bolivian-descended residents is in the Greater Washington, D.C.-Baltimore–Northern Virginia area of United States (2005 US Census estimates 27,452 +/- 8,883 Bolivians for DC,[38] Virginia,[39] and Maryland[40]); the highest concentration is in Arlington County, Virginia. These figures may represent a census undercount of undocumented Bolivian alien residents. These combined communities have become the centre for recent and established Bolivian immigrants, most of whom are from the department and city of Cochabamba, hence, locally regarded as Little Cochabamba or Arlibamba. Little Cochabamba contains Bolivian-cuisine restaurants and the Escuela Bolivia; a school-within-a-school programme for children and adults. After to the mid-1990s, many people from Cochabamba with a low income emigrated to Bergamo, Italy in search of work. Most of the 16,400 (2005 estimate) Bolivians in Bergamo are from Cochabamba which includes both legal and work visa-expired immigrants. This migration is due to the strong relationship between the Roman Catholic Diocese of Bergamo and the Archdiocese of Cochabamba. Notable residents
[41] author of the Cochabamba Hymn
Twin towns-Sister cities{{Refimprove section|date=March 2015}}Cochabamba has cooperations with:[42] {{Div col}}
See also
Notes1. ^1 {{Cite web |url = http://censosbolivia.ine.gob.bo/localidades/c_listado/buscar_comunidad_localidad |title = Ciudades/Comunidades/Centros poblados y Localidades Empadronadas en el Censo de Población y Vivienda 2012 |accessdate = 2015-06-10 |publisher = Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Bolivia |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150612095348/http://censosbolivia.ine.gob.bo/localidades/c_listado/buscar_comunidad_localidad |archive-date = 2015-06-12 |dead-url = yes |df = }} 2. ^Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha pdf{{Page needed|date=January 2014}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.voltairenet.org/article120410.html|title=Huayna Capac, el inca que fundó Cochabamba, por Wilson García Mérida|first=Wilson García Mérida,Red|last=Voltaire|date=|website=voltairenet.org|accessdate=25 March 2018}} 4. ^D'Altroy, Terence N. (2003), The Incas, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, pp 268-173; La Lone, Mary B. and La Lone, Darrell E. (1987), "The Inca State in the Southern Highlands: State Administrative and Production Enclaves," Ethnohistory, pp. 50-51 5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/bolivia/the-southwest/cochabamba/history|title=History of Cochabamba - Lonely Planet Travel Information|last=Planet|first=Lonely|website=www.lonelyplanet.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-29}} 6. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/17/world/americas/for-miners-increasing-risk-on-a-mountain-at-the-heart-of-bolivias-identity.html|title=For Miners, Increasing Risk on a Mountain at the Heart of Bolivia’s Identity|access-date=2018-11-29|language=en}} 7. ^Juan de la Rosa by Nathaniel Aguirre 8. ^Memory of Fire Vol 2: Faces and Masks by Eduardo Galeano p.106 9. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bolivia/timeline.html|title=FRONTLINE/WORLD . Bolivia - Leasing the Rain . Timeline: Cochabamba Water Revolt {{!}} PBS|website=www.pbs.org|access-date=2018-11-29}} 10. ^{{Cite journal|last=de la Fuente|first=Manuel|date=2003|title=A Personal View: The Water War in Cochabamba, Bolivia: Privatization Triggers an Uprising|journal=Mountain Research and Development|volume=23|issue=1|pages=98–100|jstor=3674547|doi=10.1659/0276-4741(2003)023[0098:APV]2.0.CO;2}} 11. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://nacla.org/blog/2013/6/5/water-wars-water-scarcity-bolivia%25E2%2580%2599s-cautionary-tale|title=From Water Wars to Water Scarcity: Bolivia's Cautionary Tale|website=NACLA|language=en|access-date=2018-11-29}} 12. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/15/business/who-will-bring-water-to-the-bolivian-poor.html|title=Who Will Bring Water to the Bolivian Poor?|last=Forero|first=Juan|access-date=2018-11-29|language=en}} 13. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.ucm.es/info/cif/station/bo-cocha.htm | title=Bolivia – Cochabamba | publisher=Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial | accessdate=28 January 2014}} 14. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.ine.gob.bo/html/visualizadorHtml.aspx?ah=Cronologias.htm |title=Hitos En La Producción Estadística |trans-title=Milestones in Statistical Production |language=Spanish |publisher=National Institute of Statistics of Bolivia |date=2 November 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120052642/http://www.ine.gob.bo/html/visualizadorHtml.aspx?ah=Cronologias.htm |archivedate=20 January 2014 |accessdate=25 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 15. ^{{Harvnb|Zambrana|1986|p=14}} 16. ^{{Harvnb|Mollinedo|1974|p=58}} 17. ^{{Harvnb|Oficina Nacional de Inmigración|1904|p=145}} 18. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ine.gob.bo/indice/poblacion92Proy.aspx?gestion=1992 |title=Estadisticas Sociales: Poblacion 1992 |trans-title=Social Statistics Population 1992 |publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadistica de Bolivia |language=Spanish |date=2 November 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423142224/http://www.ine.gob.bo/indice/poblacion92Proy.aspx?gestion=1992 |archivedate=23 April 2014 |accessdate=27 January 2014 |postscript=. Select COCHABAMBA in the Departamento box, CERCADO in the Provincia box, COCHABAMBA (PRIMERA) in the Seccion Muninipal box, and click Ver infomacion to verify data. |deadurl=yes |df= }} 19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ine.gob.bo/comunitaria/comunitariaVer.aspx?Depto=03&Prov=01&Seccion=01 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-01-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202114321/http://www.ine.gob.bo/comunitaria/comunitariaVer.aspx?Depto=03&Prov=01&Seccion=01 |archivedate=2014-02-02 |df= }} 20. ^http://www.censosbolivia.bo/comunitaria/comunitaria/mpComunitariaVer.aspx?Depto=03&Prov=01&Seccion=01{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 21. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.escuelacarmenvega.com/site/index.php/en/cochabamba-ing/la-ciudad-de-cochabamba-2|title=Spanish school Carmen Vega Bolivia|website=Escuela de español Carmen Vega - Cochabamba- Bolivia.|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-11-29}} 22. ^{{Cite news|url=https://theculturetrip.com/south-america/bolivia/articles/the-best-traditional-foods-you-need-to-try-on-your-trip-to-bolivia/|title=The Best Traditional Foods You Need to Try on Your Trip to Bolivia|last=Stewart|first=Harry|work=Culture Trip|access-date=2018-11-29}} 23. ^{{Cite web|url=https://amizade.org/la-cancha-an-exuberant-marketplace-experience-in-bolivia/|title=La Cancha: An Exuberant Marketplace Experience in Bolivia on Amizade|last=Moore|first=Dillon|website=Amizade|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-29}} 24. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bolivia/Languages-and-religion|title=Bolivia - Languages and religion|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=2018-11-29|language=en}} 25. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.wistupiku.com/nuestra-familia/|title=Wistupiku – Nuestra familia|website=www.wistupiku.com|language=es-ES|access-date=2018-11-29}} 26. ^{{Cite news| last = Jordán Arandia| first = Oscar E.| title = Mi compromiso es con Cochabamba| work = Los Tiempos| location = Cochabamba| accessdate = 2010-06-02| date = 2010-05-30| url = http://www.lostiempos.com/diario/actualidad/local/20100530/mi-compromiso-es-con-cochabamba_73040_135646.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110929030601/http://www.lostiempos.com/diario/actualidad/local/20100530/mi-compromiso-es-con-cochabamba_73040_135646.html| archive-date = 2011-09-29| dead-url = yes| df = }} 27. ^"Contáctenos {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100208230118/http://www.boa.bo/Contactenos.htm |date=2010-02-08 }}." 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Retrieved on February 27, 2010. 30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.insightcrime.org/insight-latest-news/item/2005-farc-rebels-tied-to-traffickers-in-bolivia |title=FARC Rebels Tied to Traffickers in Bolivia |accessdate=2012-06-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309100141/http://www.insightcrime.org/insight-latest-news/item/2005-farc-rebels-tied-to-traffickers-in-bolivia |archivedate=2012-03-09 |df= |date=2011-12-22 }} 31. ^http://www.unodc.org/documents/publications/Perspectives-May08-WEB.pdf 32. ^{{cite web|url=http://theforeigner.no/pages/news/cochabamba-cocaine-smugglers-convicted/|title=Cochabamba cocaine smugglers convicted|first=Michael|last=Sandelson|date=22 October 2017|website=theforeigner.no|accessdate=25 March 2018}} 33. ^{{cite news|title=Cochabamba Journal; A Nice Place to Live (Just Ask the Drug Barons)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/23/world/cochabamba-journal-a-nice-place-to-live-just-ask-the-drug-barons.html|newspaper=New York Times|date=May 23, 1989}} 34. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.lostiempos.com/diario/actualidad/nacional/20120612/segun-reportaje-bolivia-esta-en-la-ruta-de-narcos_174738_368202.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-06-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615182641/http://www.lostiempos.com/diario/actualidad/nacional/20120612/segun-reportaje-bolivia-esta-en-la-ruta-de-narcos_174738_368202.html |archivedate=2012-06-15 |df= }} 35. ^{{cite web|title=Empresa ejecutora del tren metropolitano en Cochabamba prevé quitar 18 t de rieles|url=http://www.la-razon.com/ciudades/Trabajos-retirado-rieles-Cochabamba_0_2777122318.html|website=La Razón|accessdate=2 March 2018}} 36. ^1 {{cite news|title=Bataderos asfixian a Cochabamba|newspaper=Los Tiempos|date=18 April 2010}} 37. ^Spamhaus Blacklist, 2015 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US11&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-redoLog=false&-mt_name=ACS_2005_EST_G2000_B03001|publisher=US Census Bureau|title=2005 American Community Survey}} 39. ^{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US51&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-redoLog=false&-mt_name=ACS_2005_EST_G2000_B03001|publisher=US Census Bureau|title=2005 American Community Survey}} 40. ^{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=04000US24&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-redoLog=false&-mt_name=ACS_2005_EST_G2000_B03001|publisher=US Census Bureau|title=2005 American Community Survey}} 41. ^Homenaje de Pentagrama de Recuerdo {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321075100/http://www.pentagramadelrecuerdo.com/html/teofilo_vargas.html |date=2009-03-21 }} 42. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web |url=http://cochabamba.gob.bo/Municipio/convenios |title=Convenios Internacionales |publisher=Gobierno Autónomo Municipal de Cochabamba |language=Spanish |location=Cochabamba, Bolivia |type=official website |accessdate=2015-03-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404090656/http://cochabamba.gob.bo/Municipio/convenios |archivedate=2015-04-04 |df= }} References
External links{{sisterlinks|d=Q183124|c=Category:Cochabamba|voy=Cochabamba|s=no|q=no|n=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|b=no|v=no}}
5 : Cochabamba|Populated places established in 1571|Populated places in Cochabamba Department|1571 establishments in the Spanish Empire|1571 establishments in South America |
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