“Household responsibility system”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The household responsibility system ({{zh|s=家庭联产承包责任制|t=家庭聯產承包責任制|p=jiātíng liánchǎn chéngbāo zérènzhì}}), or contract responsibility system, was a practice in China, first adopted in agriculture in 1979 and later extended to other sectors of the economy, by which local managers are held responsible for the profits and losses of an enterprise. This system partially supplanted the egalitarian distribution method, whereby the state assumed all profits and losses.

In traditional Maoist organization of the rural economy and that of other collectivised programs, farmers were given by the government a quota of goods to produce. They received compensation for meeting the quota. Going beyond the quota rarely produced a sizeable economic reward. In the early 1980s, peasants were given drastically reduced quotas. What food they grew beyond the quota was sold in the free market at unregulated prices. This system became an instant success,{{citation needed|date=February 2011}} quickly causing one of the largest increases in standard-of-living for such a large number of people in such a short time. This system maintained quotas and thus the element of socialist societies termed in China the "iron rice-bowl" (in which the state ensured food and employment).

History

The secret experiment proved very successful. The famous example was that in Xiaogang village, Fengyang county, Anhui province (安徽省凤阳县小岗村), where 18 households signed a contract with local cadres. The cadres secretly allowed farmers to produce by household and if the cadres were punished for this the farmers agree to take care of the families of the cadres.^[1]{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} In 1979 similar experiments began in Sichuan and Anhui provinces, both seeing dramatic increases in agricultural productivity. Deng Xiaoping openly praised these experiments in 1980, and the system has been adopted nationwide since 1981.

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|author=Huang, Haifeng|title=Signal Left, Turn Right: Central Rhetoric and Local Reform in China|format=PDF|page=23 ("4.2 Agricultural De–collectivization")|series=Political Research Quarterly (Forthcoming).|date=December 26, 2011|ssrn=1031296}}. The article suggests further reading: Chung, Jae-Ho. 2000. Central Control and Local Discretion in China. Oxford University Press; Fewsmith, Joseph. 1994. Dilemmas of Reform in China: Political Conflict and Economic Debate. ME Sharpe; Yang, Dali. 1997. Beyond Beijing: Liberalization and the Regions in China. Routledge; Zweig, David. 1997. Freeing China’s Farmers: Rural Restructuring in the Reform Era. M.E. Sharpe.