“House of Griffin”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The House of Griffin or Griffin dynasty^[4] ({{lang-de|Greifen}}; {{lang-pl|Gryfici}}){{efn|The family is also known as the Gryf family,^[5] the Greifen family,^[6] the Greifen dynasty,^[7] or the House of Greifen.^[8] }} was a dynasty ruling the Duchy of Pomerania from the 12th century until 1637. The name "Griffins" was used by the dynasty after the 15th century^[9] and had been taken from the ducal coat of arms. Duke Wartislaw I (died 1135) was the first historical ruler of the Duchy of Pomerania and the founder of the Griffin dynasty. The most prominent Griffin was Eric of Pomerania, who became king of the Kalmar Union in 1397, thus ruling Denmark, Sweden and Norway. The last Griffin duke of Pomerania was Bogislaw XIV, who died during the Thirty Years' War, which led to the division of Pomerania between Brandenburg-Prussia and Sweden. Duchess Anna von Croy, daughter of Duke Bogislaw XIII and the last Griffin, died in 1660.

Name of the Dynasty

The dynasty is known by two names, Pomerania, after their primary fief, and Griffin, after their coat of arms, which had featured a griffin since the late 12th century: The first verifiable use of the griffin as the dynasty's heraldic emblem occurred in a seal of Casimir II, Duke of Pomerania, which showed the imaginary beast within a shield, and was attached to a document dated 1194.^[9]^[10] The name Pomerania comes from Slavic po more, which means "[land] along the sea".^[11]

Origins and branches

The origins of the Griffins are not clear. Most theories derive them from either local Slavic nobility or a cadet branch of the Polish house of Piasts.^[1]^[2] Medieval Polish chronicler Jan Długosz connected them with Polish noble family of Świebodzice from the south province of Poland named the Lesser Poland, who also used a griffin as their coat-of-arms and who in turn might also have been a cadet branch of the Piasts. At any rate, chronicler Gallus Anonymus in his Gesta principum Polonorum calls the Griffins "close cousins" of then-contemporary Bolesław III of Poland, directly implying a close dynastic relationship with the Piasts.

In the 17th century, the Griffins derived their roots from legendary beings from Sorbs mythology called Gryphus or Baltus.^[12]

The first known members of the Griffins were the brothers Wartislaw I and Ratibor I. Wartislaw would be the ancestor of the line of dukes that ruled the Duchy of Pomerania until 1630; Ratibor would be the ancestor of the Ratiborides branch of the Griffins, that was to rule the lands of Schlawe and Stolp until the line became extinct and the area was incorporated in the Duchy of Pomerania. The first known member of the Swantiborides branch of the Griffins, notable as castellans of Pomeranian cities, was Wartislaw (II) Swantiboriz.

Wartislaw I to Bogislaw IV and Otto I

Bogislaw IV to Bogislaw X (Pomerania-Wolgast, -Barth, and -Stolp)

Otto I to Otto III (Pomerania-Stettin)

Bogislaw X to Bogislaw XIV

Branches

Ratiborides

Members of the Ratiborides (Ratiboriden) branch were most probably descendants of Ratibor I, a brother of Wartislaw I.^[14]

Swantiborides

The Swantiborides (Swantiboriden) were related to the Griffins, but the link remains unclear. Probably they descend from Swantibor, a Pomeranian duke overthrown in a rebellion and expelled to Poland in 1105/06. This Swantibor might have been a cousin of Swantopolk, a Pomeranian duke defeated by Boleslaw III of Poland in a campaign of 1111/12. Yet, these assumptions all remain speculative.^[14]

Griffins Kings and Queens

Sources

See also

Notes

References

1. ^¹A. Małecki, Studya heraldyczne [Heraldic Studies], vol. I, Lwów 1890, pp. 268-285; M. L. Wójcik, Ród Gryfitów do końca XIII wieku. Pochodzenie — genealogia — rozsiedlenie, Historia CVII, Wrocław 1993, p. 39.
2. ^¹Rodowód książąt pomorskich Edward Rymar Książnica Pomorska, 2005, page 53
3. ^According to Jan Długosz
4. ^Gerald Stone, Slav Outposts in Central European History: The Wends, Sorbs and Kashubs (Bloomsbury, 2016).
5. ^Nora Berend, Przemysław Urbańczyk and Przemysław Wiszewski, Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c.900–c.1300 (Cambridge University Press, 2013).
6. ^Robert von Friedeburg, Self-Defence and Religious Strife in Early Modern Europe: England and Germany, 1530-1680 (Routledge, 2002)
7. ^E. J. Feuchtwanger, Prussia: Myth and Reality — The Role of Prussia in German History (Wolff, 1970).
8. ^F. L. Carsten, Origins of Prussia (Clarendon Press, 1954).
9. ^Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.37, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}
10. ^Kyra T. Inachin, Die Geschichte Pommerns, Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, p.18, {{ISBN|978-3-356-01044-2}}
11. ^Der Name Pommern (po more) ist slawischer Herkunft und bedeutet so viel wie „Land am Meer“. ({{lang-de|Pommersches Landesmuseum}})
12. ^M. L. Wójcik, Ród Gryfitów do końca XIII wieku. Pochodzenie — genealogia — rozsiedlenie [Griffin Dynasty Till the End of the 13th Century. Roots – Genealogy – Location], Historia CVII, Wrocław 1993
13. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷¹⁸¹⁹²⁰²¹²²²³²⁴²⁵Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.149, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}
14. ^¹²³⁴⁵Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.38, {{ISBN|3-88680-272-8}}