| 词条 | Human spirit |
| 释义 |
The human spirit is a component of human philosophy, psychology, art, and knowledge - the spiritual or mental part of humanity. While the term can be used with the same meaning as "human soul", human spirit is sometimes used to refer to the impersonal, universal or higher component of human nature in contrast to soul or psyche which can refer to the ego or lower element. The human spirit includes our intellect, emotions, fears, passions, and creativity. In the models of Daniel A. Helminiak and Bernard Lonergan, human spirit is considered to be the mental functions of awareness, insight, understanding, judgement and other reasoning powers. It is distinguished from the separate component of psyche which comprises the entities of emotion, images, memory and personality.[1] John Teske views human spirit as a social construct representing the qualities of purpose and meaning which transcend the individual human.[2] Distinction between the human spirit and soulAccording to historian Oswald Spengler, a distinction between Spirit and Soul has been made by the West and earlier civilizations which influenced its development.[3] The human spirit can be seen as the heavenly component of human's non material makeup - the part that is impersonal or universal. Whereas souls are the personal element unique to each individual. As Spengler writes in The Decline of the West: {{cquote| ... more important than all this is the opposition of Spirit and Soul (Hebrew: ruach and nephesh, Persian: ahu and urvan, Mandasan: monuhmed and gyan, Greek: pneuma and psyche) which first comes out in the basic feeling of the prophetic religions, then pervades the whole of Apocalyptic, and finally forms and guides the world-contemplations of the awakened Culture - as seen with Philo, Paul and Plotinus, Gnostics and Mandeans, Augustine and the Avesta, Islam and the Kabbalah. Ruach means originally "wind" and nephesh "breath." The nephesh is always in one way or another related to the bodily and earthly, to the below, the evil, the darkness. Its effort is the "upward." The ruach belongs to the divine, to the above, to the light. Its effects in man when it descends are the heroism of a Samson, the holy wrath of an Elijah, the enlightenment of the judge (e.g. Solomon passing judgment) and all kinds of divination and ecstasy. It is poured out. As in Isaiah xi, x, the Messiah becomes the incarnation of the ruach.[3]}}In Christianity, the Bible identifies humanity's three basic elements: spirit, soul and body.[4] Christians emphasise that the human spirit is the 'real person', the very core of a person's being, the essential seat of their existence. When a person accepts Jesus Christ as their Saviour, it is their human spirit that is transformed as they become 'new creatures' in Jesus Christ. The soul which is the seat of the will, mind and emotions does not get converted but needs to be renewed on a daily basis through the recommended Christian disciplines such as prayer and reading the Bible.[5][6][7][8] In Islam, Muslims are viewed as having their own spirits, but one that in a sense is one with God's spirit. For Spengler, the perception of unity this idea led to was important for the emergence of the "consensus" that maintained harmony in Islamic culture, especially during the Golden Age of Islam.[3] Bibliography
References1. ^{{citation |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DL9hwUBJm18C |title=The human core of spirituality: mind as psyche and spirit |author=Daniel A. Helminiak |isbn=978-0-7914-2950-1 |year=1996}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Human Spirit}}2. ^{{citation |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=6i5ynN9qX30C&oi=fnd&pg=PA189 |title=The human person in science and theology |chapter=The Social Construction of the Human Spirit |author=John Teske |isbn=978-0-567-08692-1 |year=2000}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Spengler|first=Oswald|title=The Decline of the west(An abridged edition)|chapter= vol2, chpt: 3 & 8|year=1922|isbn=1-4000-9700-2|publisher= Vintage Books, 2006}} 4. ^1 Thes 5:23 5. ^1 Cor 6:17 6. ^2 Cor 5:17 7. ^Rom 12:2 8. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.awmi.net/extra/article/spirit_soul|title= Understanding Spirit, Soul, And Body|publisher= Andrew Wommack Ministires|author= Andrew Wommack|accessdate=2010-01-21}} 9 : Concepts in metaphysics|Humanism|Spirituality|Mental content|Psychology|Emotion|Personality|Social concepts|Philosophy of life |
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