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词条 Hyakki Yagyō
释义

  1. Various Legends

  2. In literature

  3. In art

  4. See also

  5. References

Hyakki Yagyō, variation: Hyakki Yakō, ({{lang|ja|百鬼夜行}}, "Night Parade of One Hundred Demons"[2]) is an idiom in Japanese folklore. Sometimes an orderly procession, other times a riot, it refers to an uncontrolled horde of countless numbers of supernatural creatures known as oni and yōkai.[2] As a terrifying eruption of the supernatural world into our own, it is similar (though not precisely equivalent) to the concept of pandemonium in English.[3]

Various Legends

Over more than one thousand years of history, and its role as a popular theme in traditional storytelling and art, a great deal of folklore has developed around the concept, making it difficult if not impossible to isolate any canonical meanings.

One legend of recent vintage it that "every year the yokai Nurarihyon, will lead all of the yōkai through the streets of Japan during summer nights." Anyone who comes across the procession would perish or be spirited away by the yōkai, unless protected by handwritten scrolls by anti-yokai onmyoji spellcasters. It is said that only an onmyoji clan head is strong enough to pass Nurarihyon's Hyakki Yagyo unharmed.[4]

According to another account in the Shūgaishō (拾芥抄), a medieval Japanese encyclopedia, the only way to be kept safe from the night parade if it were to come by your house is to stay inside on the specific nights associated with the Chinese zodiac or to chant the magic spell: "KA-TA-SHI-HA-YA, E-KA-SE-NI-KU-RI-NI, TA-ME-RU-SA-KE, TE-E-HI, A-SHI-E-HI, WA-RE-SHI-KO-NI-KE-RI" (カタシハヤ, エカセニクリニ, タメルサケ, テエヒ, アシエヒ, ワレシコニケリ).[5]

In literature

The hyakki yagyō has appeared in several tales collected by Japanese folklorists.[4]

  • Uji shui Monogatari (宇治拾遺物語), in which a monk encounters a group of a hundred youkai which pass by the Ryūsenji temple.
  • Konjaku Monogatari Shuu (今昔物語集), which tells that during the Jougan Era (859–877), the eldest son of minister Fujiwara was on his way to his lover's place when he saw 100 demons walking from the direction of the main street. Since his attire had the sonjoushi written on it, the demons who noticed this ran away.
  • The Great Mirror(大鏡, Ookagami)
  • Goudanshou (江談抄)
  • Kohonsetsuwashuu (古本説話集)
  • Houbutsushuu (宝物集)

In art

The night parade was a popular theme in Japanese visual art.[6]

One of the oldest and most famous examples is the 16th-century handscroll Hyakki Yagyō Zu (百鬼夜行図), erroneously attributed to Tosa Mitsunobu, located in the Shinju-an of Daitoku-ji, Kyoto.[6] For other picture scrolls, the Hyakki Yagyō Emaki (百鬼夜行絵巻), contains the details of each member in the parade from the Muromachi period.[4]

Other notable works in this motif include those by Toriyama Sekien (Gazu Hyakki Yagyō)[7] and Utagawa Yoshiiku. However, Toriyama's work presents yokai in separate, encyclopedic entries rather than assembled in a parade,[7] while Utagawa's Kokkei Wanisshi-ki ("Comical Record of Japanese History") employs the theme of 100 demons to comment on contemporary Japanese military actions in China.[8]

See also

  • Nurarihyon no Mago
  • Gazu Hyakki Yagyō
  • Gazu Hyakki Tsurezure Bukuro
  • Konjaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki
  • Konjaku Hyakki Shūi
  • Nightmarchers
  • Unseelie Court
  • Wild Hunt

References

1. ^{{cite book|last=Clark|first=Timothy|title=Demon of Painting: The Art of Kawanabe Kyosai|year=1993|publisher=British Museum Press|isbn=978-0714114620|page=64}}
2. ^{{cite book|last=Yoda|first=Hiroko|title=Japandemonium Illustrated: The Yokai Encyclopedias of Toriyama Sekien|year=2016|publisher=Dover Publishing|page=x|url=https://www.amazon.com/Japandemonium-Illustrated-Encyclopedias-Toriyama-Sekien/dp/0486800350/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1542584163&sr=8-1&keywords=japandemonium+illustrated+the+yokai+encyclopedias+of+toriyama+sekien|isbn=9780486800356}}
3. ^{{cite book|last=Foster|first=Michael Dylan|title=Pandemonium and Parade: Japanese Demonology and the Culture of the Yōkai|year=2009|publisher=University of California Press|page=9|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Z5WQy5Q6Hj4C&dq=toriyama+sekien|isbn=9780520942677}}
4. ^1 2 村上健司編著 『妖怪事典』毎日新聞社、2000年、288-289頁。{{ISBN|4-620-31428-5}}。
5. ^{{cite web | url=http://yokai.com/hyakkiyagyou/| title= Hyakki Yagyō | accessdate=2014-05-19}}
6. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last=Lillehoj|first=Elizabeth|title=Transfiguration: Man-Made Objects as Demons in Japanese Scrolls|journal=Asian Folklore Studies|year=1995|volume=54|issue=1|pages=7–34|jstor=1178217|doi=10.2307/1178217}}
7. ^1 {{cite book|last=Foster|first=Michael Dylan|title=Pandemonium and Parade: Japanese Demonology and the Culture of the Yōkai|year=2009|publisher=University of California Press|page=55|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Z5WQy5Q6Hj4C&dq=toriyama+sekien|isbn=9780520942677}}
8. ^{{cite web|last=Lillehoj |first=Elizabeth |title=Commentary |url=http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/anthropology/anthro_sites/boone/gal_jp_sccom.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130704013042/http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/anthropology/anthro_sites/boone/gal_jp_sccom.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=4 July 2013 |website=The Boone Collection |accessdate=8 April 2013 }}
{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Hyakki Yako}}

3 : Japanese folklore|Japanese mythology|Yōkai
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