| 词条 | Columbus Day Storm of 1962 |
| 释义 |
|image location=Columbus_Day_Storm_1962-10-13_weather_map.png |image name=Surface Analysis of the storm near its peak intensity[1] |stormtype=Extratropical cyclone |date formed=October 3, 1962 |date dissipated=October 17, 1962 |maximum amount=Unknown |pressure=960 hPa |total damages (USD)=$230 million (1962 dollars) |total casualties=46 fatalities |areas affected=Pacific Northwest and British Columbia }} The Columbus Day Storm of 1962 (also known as the Big Blow,[2] and originally as Typhoon Freda) was a Pacific Northwest windstorm that struck the West Coast of Canada and the Pacific Northwest coast of the United States on October 12, 1962. It is considered the benchmark of extratropical wind storms. The storm ranks among the most intense to strike the region since at least 1948, likely since the January 9, 1880 "Great Gale" and snowstorm. The storm is a contender for the title of most powerful extratropical cyclone recorded in the U.S. in the 20th century; with respect to wind velocity, it is unmatched by the March 1993 "Storm of the Century" and the "1991 Halloween Nor'easter" ("The Perfect Storm"). The system brought strong winds to the Pacific Northwest and southwest Canada, and was linked to 46 fatalities in the northwest and Northern California resulting from heavy rains and mudslides. Synoptic historyTyphoon Freda formed {{convert|500|mi|km}} from Wake Island in the central Pacific Ocean.[3] The system became an extratropical cyclone as it moved into colder waters and interacted with the jet stream. The low redeveloped intensely off Northern California due to favorable upper level conditions, producing record rainfalls in the San Francisco Bay Area that delayed some games in the 1962 World Series between the San Francisco Giants and the New York Yankees. The low moved northeastward, and then hooked straight north as it neared southwest Oregon. The storm then raced nearly northward at an average speed of {{convert|40|mph|kph}}, with the center just {{convert|50|mi|km}} off the Pacific Coast. There was little central pressure change until the cyclone passed the latitude of Astoria, Oregon, at which time the low began to degrade. The center passed over Tatoosh Island, Washington, before landing on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, where it weakened rapidly. As the cyclone moved through Canada, another cyclone formed on its southern periphery, which merged with this cyclone by October 17.[4]The extratropical wave cyclone deepened to a minimum central pressure of at least {{convert|960|hPa|inHg|abbr=on}}, and perhaps as low as {{convert|958|hPa|inHg|abbr=on}}, a pressure which would be equivalent to a Category 3 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale. Since it was an extratropical cyclone, its wind field was neither as compact nor as strong as a tropical cyclone. All-time record-low land-based pressures (up to 1962) included {{convert|969.2|hPa |inHg|abbr=on}} at Astoria, {{convert|970.5|hPa|inHg|abbr=on}} at Hoquiam, Washington, and {{convert|971.9|hPa|inHg|abbr=on}} at North Bend, Oregon. The Astoria and Hoquiam records were broken by a major storm on December 12, 1995 (which measured {{convert|966.1|hPa|inHg|abbr=on}} at Astoria); this event, however, did not generate winds as intense as the Columbus Day Storm of 1962. Wind speed highlights{{unreferenced section|date=September 2012}}The peak winds were felt as the storm passed close by on October 12. At Oregon's Cape Blanco, an anemometer that lost one of its cups registered wind gusts in excess of {{convert|145|mph|kph}}; some reports put the peak velocity at {{convert|179|mph|kph}}. The north Oregon coast Mt. Hebo radar station reported winds of 170 mph.[5] At the Naselle Radar Station in the Willapa Hills of southwest Washington, a wind gust of {{convert|160|mph|kph}} was observed.[5] In Salem, Oregon, a wind gust of {{convert|90|mph|kph}} was observed.[5] At Corvallis, Oregon, an inland location in the Willamette Valley, one-minute average winds reached {{convert|69|mph|kph}}, with a gust to {{convert|127|mph|kph}}, before the station was abandoned due to "power failure and instruments demolished". Observations at the weather station resumed the next day.[6] About {{convert|80|mi|km}} to the north, at Portland, Oregon's major metropolitan area, measured wind gusts reached {{convert|116|mph|kph}} at the Morrison Street Bridge in downtown Portland. A peak gust of {{convert|92|mph|kph}} was observed in Vancouver, Washington at Pearson Field, around 9 miles to the north of downtown Portland. Many anemometers, official and unofficial, within the heavily stricken area of northwestern Oregon and southwest Washington were damaged or destroyed before winds attained maximum velocity. For example, the wind gauge atop the downtown Portland studios of KGW radio and TV recorded two gusts of {{convert|93|mph|kph}}, just before flying debris knocked the gauge off-line[7] shortly after 5 p.m. For the Willamette Valley, the lowest peak gust officially measured was {{convert|86|mph|kph}} at Eugene. This value, however, is higher than the maximum peak gust generated by any other Willamette Valley windstorm in the 1948–2010 period. In the interior of western Washington, officially measured wind gusts included {{convert|78|mph|kph}} at Olympia, {{convert|88|mph|kph}} at McChord Air Force Base, {{convert|100|mph|kph}} at Renton at {{convert|64|ft|m}} and {{convert|98|mph|kph}} at Bellingham. In the city of Seattle, a peak wind speed of {{convert|65|mph|kph}} was recorded; this suggests gusts of at least {{convert|80|mph|kph}}. Damaging winds reached as far inland as Spokane. Wind gusts of {{convert|58|mph|kph}}, the National Weather Service minimum for "High Wind Criteria," or higher were reported from San Francisco, to Vancouver, British Columbia. Impact{{Globalize/US|section|date=August 2010}}At least 46 fatalities were attributed to this storm, more than for any other Pacific Northwest weather event.[8] Injuries went into the hundreds. In terms of natural disaster-related fatalities for the 20th century, only Oregon's Heppner Flood of 1903 (247 deaths), Washington's Wellington avalanche of 1910 (96 deaths), the Great Fire of 1910 (87 deaths), and Eruption of Mount St. Helens of 1980 (57 deaths) caused more. For Pacific Northwest windstorms in the 20th century, the runner up was the infamous October 21, 1934, gale, which caused 22 fatalities, mostly in Washington. In less than 12 hours, more than 11 billion board feet (26,000,000 m3) of timber was blown down in northern California, Oregon and Washington combined; some estimates put it at 15 billion board feet (35,000,000 m3). This exceeded the annual timber harvest for Oregon and Washington at the time. This value is above any blowdown measured for East Coast storms, including hurricanes; even the often-cited 1938 New England hurricane, which toppled 2.65 billion board feet (6,300,000 m3), falls short by nearly an order of magnitude. Estimates put the dollar damage at approximately $230 million to $280 million for California, Oregon and Washington combined. Those figures in 1962 dollars translate to $1.8 Billion to $2.2 Billion in 2014 Dollars. Oregon's share exceeded $200 million in 1962 dollars. This is comparable to land-falling hurricanes that occurred within the same time frame (for example, Audrey, Donna, and Carla from 1957 to 1961).[9] The Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. (now MetLife) named the Columbus Day Storm the nation's worst natural disaster of 1962.[10] CaliforniaIn Central and Northern California, all-time record rains associated with the atmospheric river along the cold front caused major flooding and mudslides, particularly in the San Francisco Bay Area. Oakland set an all time calendar day record with {{convert|4.52|in|mm}} of rain on the 13th, as did Sacramento with {{convert|3.77|in|mm}}. More than {{convert|7|in|mm}} of rainfall were recorded in the Bay area.[11] Heavy rain forced Game 6 of the 1962 World Series at San Francisco's Candlestick Park to be postponed from its originally scheduled date of October 11 to Monday, October 15. OregonIn the Willamette Valley, it is said the undamaged home was the exception. Livestock suffered greatly due to the barn failures: the animals were crushed under the weight of the collapsed structures, a story that was repeated many times throughout the afflicted region. At the north end of the Valley, two {{convert|500|ft|m|adj=on}} high voltage transmission towers were toppled. Radio and TV broadcasting were affected in the Portland area. KGW-TV lost its tower at Skyline and replaced the temporary tower with a new one on January 28, 1963. KOIN radio lost one of two AM towers at Sylvan. KPOJ-AM/-FM lost much of its transmitting equipment, plus one of two towers was left partially standing at Mount Scott. KPOJ-FM was so badly damaged it wouldn't return to the air until February 9, 1963. KWJJ-AM lost one of its towers and a portion of its transmitter building at Smith Lake. KISN-AM also lost a tower at Smith Lake. Seven-month-old TV station KATU did not receive any damage at its Livingston Mountain site, {{convert|6|mi|km}} north of Camas, Washington. However, KATU didn't have a generator and power was cut off. The heavy-duty design of the radio towers on Portland's West Hills today, with extensive and robust guy cables, is a direct result of the lessons learned from the 1962 catastrophe. For northwest Oregon, the entire power distribution system had to be rebuilt from the ground up. Some locations did not have power restored for several weeks.[8] This storm became a lasting memory for local power distributors. Indeed, a number of high wind related studies appeared in the years after the storm in an attempt to assess the return frequency of such potentially damaging winds. The state Capitol grounds at Salem, and the state's college campuses, resembled battlefields with heavy losses of trees. The Campbell Hall tower at Oregon College of Education (now Western Oregon University) in Monmouth crashed to the ground,[12] an event recorded by student photographer Wes Luchau in the most prominent picture-symbol of the storm. East of Salem, the wind destroyed a historic barn that served as a clandestine meeting place by pro-slavery Democratic members of the state Legislature in 1860.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} The Oregon State Beavers–Washington Huskies college football game went on as scheduled Saturday, October 13 in Portland, in a heavily damaged Multnomah Stadium. Much of the roof was damaged and seats damaged by falling debris were replaced by portable chairs.[13] Crews cleared debris from the grandstand and playing field right up to kickoff.[13] Most of the electricity, including the scoreboard and clock, was still out and players dressed by candlelight in the locker rooms.[14] The Huskies came from behind to beat the Beavers 14–13, despite a strong performance by quarterback Terry Baker, who would win the Heisman Trophy later that year.[14][15] See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/dwm/1962/19621013.djvu|title=Daily Weather Maps: October 13, 1962|publisher=U.S. Weather Bureau|accessdate=November 28, 2006}} 2. ^{{Citation | last = Burt | first = Christopher C.| year = 2004 | title = Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book | publisher = W.W. Norton & Co. | isbn = 978-0-393-32658-1 |page=236 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=NuP7ATq9nWgC&pg=PA236}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.portmoody.ca/index.aspx?page=86|title=Typhoon Freda stormed in to town|publisher=|author=Al Sholand|accessdate=September 2, 2012}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/dwm/1962/19621017.djvu|title=Daily Weather Maps: October 17, 1962|publisher=U.S. Weather Bureau|accessdate=November 28, 2006}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=ddB7do2jUx8C&dat=19621013&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title=Spokane Daily Chronicle - Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com|access-date=2017-09-17}} 6. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=http://www.climate.washington.edu/stormking/October1962.html|title=The 1962 Columbus Day Storm|last=Read|first=Wolf|date=2015-10-27|website=The Storm King|publisher=Office of the Washington State Climatologist (OWSC)|access-date=2016-10-13|edition=}} 7. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/weather/index.ssf/2012/10/columbus_day_storm_still_howls.html|title=Columbus Day Storm still howls through Portland history, 50 years later|newspaper=OregonLive.com|access-date=2016-10-13}} 8. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.ohs.org/exhibits/upcoming/columbus-day-storm.cfm |title=The Mightiest Wind: The 1962 Columbus Day Storm |date=2012-09-07 |access-date=2016-10-13 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907231557/http://www.ohs.org/exhibits/upcoming/columbus-day-storm.cfm |archivedate=September 7, 2012 |df=mdy }} 9. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm | title=CPI Inflation Calculator | publisher=US Bureau of Labor Statistics}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.climate.washington.edu/stormking/October1962.html |title=Terrible Tempest of the 12th |publisher=Climate.washington.edu |date= |accessdate=October 7, 2012}} 11. ^J. L. Baldwin Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin. U.S. Department of Commerce, p. 1. 12. ^{{Citation | last = Burt | first = Christopher C.| year = 2004 | title = Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book | publisher = W.W. Norton & Co. | isbn = 978-0-393-32658-1 |page=237 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=NuP7ATq9nWgC&pg=PA237}} 13. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=m_1VAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4uIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=1707%2C2380804|title=Friday night's violent winds wreck Multnomah Stadium|newspaper=The Register-Guard|date=October 14, 1962|accessdate=September 14, 2012}} 14. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.com/html/sports/2002060069_smitty12.html|date=October 12, 2004|last=Smith|first=Craig|title=Punting into this storm sent averages plummeting |newspaper=The Seattle Times|accessdate=September 14, 2012}} 15. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=m_1VAAAAIBAJ&sjid=4uIDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3511%2C2381076|title=Huskies nip Beavers|last=Harvey III|first=Paul|newspaper=The Register-Guard|date=October 14, 1962|accessdate=September 14, 2012}} Further reading
External links{{Commons category|1962 Columbus Day Storm}}
8 : 1962 in Oregon|1962 meteorology|1962 natural disasters|Natural disasters in Oregon|Natural disasters in Washington (state)|Pacific Northwest storms|Natural disasters in British Columbia|1962 natural disasters in the United States |
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