| 词条 | Indohyus |
| 释义 |
| fossil_range = Ypresian, {{fossilrange|50-48}} | image = Indohyus_BW.jpg | image_upright = 1.15 | image_caption = Indohyus major | taxon = Indohyus | authority = [1] | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision =I. indirae I. major }}Indohyus is a genus of extinct digitigrade artiodactyl known from Eocene fossils in Asia. This small chevrotain-like animal found in the Himalayas is a close relative of whales.[2] DescriptionDNA studies show a close connection between Hippopotamus and whales but there is an age and geographical gap. Hippopotamus are found in Africa and show up in the geological record 15 million years ago, while the earliest whales found in India and Pakistan are 50 million years old.[3][4] PaleobiologyAbout the size of a raccoon or domestic cat, this omnivorous pig-like creature shared some of the traits of whales, and showed signs of adaptations to aquatic life, including a thick and heavy outer coating. Their bones were similar to the bones of modern creatures such as the hippopotamus, and helped reduce buoyancy so that they could stay underwater.[5] This suggests a survival strategy similar to that of the African mousedeer or water chevrotain which, when threatened by a bird of prey, dives into water and hides beneath the surface for up to four minutes.[6] [7]From isotopes and the structure of the bones in the fossils Indohyus had heavy bones. Heavy bones help reduce the buoyancy of aquatic living mammals so that they do not float up to the surface of the water.[8] History of discoveryThe fossils were discovered among rocks that had been collected more than 30 years ago in Kashmir by the Indian geologist A. Ranga Rao who found a few teeth and parts of a jawbone,[9] but when he died many rocks had yet to be broken open. Ranga Rao's widow gave the rocks to Professor Thewissen, who was working on them when his technician accidentally broke one of the skulls they had found and Thewissen recognised the ear structure of the auditory bulla, formed from the ectotympanic bone in a shape which is highly distinctive, found only in the skulls of cetaceans both living and extinct, including Pakicetus.[6] ClassificationRaoellids may be the "missing link" sister group to whales (Cetacea).[10] All other Artiodactyla are "cousins" of these two groups. 18O values and osteosclerotic bones indicate that the raccoon-like or chevrotain-like Indohyus was habitually aquatic, but 13C values suggest that it rarely fed in the water. The authors suggest this documents an intermediate step in the transition back to water completed by the whales, and suggests a new understanding of the evolution of cetaceans.[11][12]References1. ^{{Cite journal | last = Rao | first = A Ranga | title = New mammals from Murree (Kalakot Zone) of the Himalayan foot hills near Kalakot, Jammu and Kashmir state, India | journal = Journal of the Geological Society of India | volume = 12 | issue = 2 | year = 1971 | pages = 124–34 | ref = harv}} {{Portal|Paleontology}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q133094}}2. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Bajpai | first1 = S | last2 = Thewissen | first2 = JG | last3 = Sahni | first3 = A | title = The origin and early evolution of whales: macroevolution documented on the Indian subcontinent |date=November 2009 | journal = J Biosci | volume = 34 | issue = 5 | pages = 673–86 | doi = 10.1007/s12038-009-0060-0 | pmid = 20009264 | oclc = 565869881 | ref = harv}} 3. ^{{cite news |last1=Borenstein |first1=Seth |title=Whales may have come deerlike animal |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/22328877/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/whales-may-have-come-deerlike-animal/#.XALP5GhKg2w |publisher=NBC News |date=December 19, 2007}} 4. ^{{cite news |last1=Briggs |first1=Helen |title=Whale 'missing link' discovered |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7150627.stm |agency=BBC News |publisher=BBC News |date=December 20, 2007}} 5. ^{{Cite web |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Zimmer |title=Whales: From So Humble A Beginning... |url=http://scienceblogs.com/loom/2007/12/19/whales_from_so_humble_a_beginn.php |date=December 19, 2007 |publisher=The Loom, ScienceBlogs |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220115725/http://scienceblogs.com/loom/2007/12/19/whales_from_so_humble_a_beginn.php |archivedate=December 20, 2007 |df= }} 6. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Sample |first1=Ian |title=How Bambi evolved into Moby-Dick |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/dec/19/whale.deer?gusrc=rss&feed=networkfront |publisher=Guardian |date=19 December 2007}} 7. ^{{Cite web |last=Myers |first=PZ |authorlink=PZ Myers |title=Indohyus |url=http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/12/indohyus.php |date=19 December 2007 |work=Pharyngula |publisher=ScienceBlogs |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220115757/http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/12/indohyus.php |archivedate=20 December 2007 |df= }} 8. ^{{cite web |last1=Zimmer |first1=Carl |title=Whales: From So Humble A Beginning… |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/phenomena/2007/12/19/whales-from-so-humble-a-beginning/ |website=National Geographic |publisher=National Geographic |accessdate=December 1, 2018|date=2007-12-19 }} 9. ^{{cite journal |last1=Ranga |first1=Rao, A |title=New mammals from Murree (Kalakot Zone) of the Himalayan foot hills near Kalakot, Jammu and Kashmir state, India |journal=Journal of the Geological Society of India |date=1971 |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=124–134}} 10. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Thewissen| first1 = JGM | last2 = Cooper | first2 = LN | last3 = Clementz | first3 = MT | last4= Bajpai | first4 = S |author5=Tiwari, BN | title = Whales originated from aquatic artiodactyls in the Eocene epoch of India | year = 2007 | journal = Nature | volume = 450 | issue = 7173 | pages = 1190–4 | doi = 10.1038/nature06343 | pmid = 18097400 | bibcode = 2007Natur.450.1190T | ref = harv}} 11. ^{{cite web |last1=Holmes |first1=Bob |title=A life spent chasing down how whales evolved |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22429901-600-a-life-spent-chasing-down-how-whales-evolved/ |website=New Scientist |publisher=New Scientist |accessdate=December 2, 2018}} 12. ^{{cite book |last1=Marx |first1=Felix |last2=Lambert |first2=Oliver |last3=Uhen |first3=Mark |title=Cetacean Paleobiology (TOPA Topics in Paleobiology) |date=2016 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1118561270 |edition=1st}} 3 : Eocene even-toed ungulates|Eocene mammals of Asia|Fossil taxa described in 1971 |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。