词条 | Integrated modular avionics |
释义 |
Integrated modular avionics (IMA) are real-time computer network airborne systems. This network consists of a number of computing modules capable of supporting numerous applications of differing criticality levels. The IMA concept proposes an integrated architecture with application software portable across an assembly of common hardware modules. An IMA architecture imposes multiple requirements on the underlying operating system.[1] HistoryIt is believed that the IMA concept originated with the avionics design of the fourth-generation jet fighters. It has been in use in fighters such as F-22 and F-35, or Dassault Rafale since the beginning of the '90s. Standardization efforts were ongoing at this time (see ASAAC or STANAG 4626), but no final documents were issued then.[2] First uses for this concept were in development for business jets and regional jets at the end of the 1990s and were seen flying at the beginning of the 2000s, but it had not been yet standardized.[3]{{failed verification|date=September 2011}} The concept was then standardized and migrated to the commercial Airliner arena in the end of the 2000s (Airbus A380 then Boeing 787).[2]{{failed verification|date=September 2011}} ArchitectureIMA modularity simplifies the development process of avionics software:
Communication between the modules can use an internal high speed Computer bus, or can share an external network, such as ARINC 429 or ARINC 664 (part 7). However, much complexity is added to the systems, which thus require novel design and verification approaches since applications with different criticality levels share hardware and software resources such as CPU and network schedules, memory, inputs and outputs. Partitioning is generally used in order to help segregate mixed criticality applications and thus ease the verification process. ARINC 650 and ARINC 651 provide general purpose hardware and software standards used in an IMA architecture. However, parts of the API involved in an IMA network has been standardized, such as:
Certification considerationsRTCA DO-178C and RTCA DO-254 form the basis for flight certification today, while DO-297 gives specific guidance for Integrated modular avionics. ARINC 653 contributes by providing a framework that enables each software building block (called a partition) of the overall Integrated modular avionics to be tested, validated, and qualified independently (up to a certain measure) by its supplier.[4] Examples of IMA architectureExamples of aircraft avionics that uses IMA architecture :
See also
References1. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.assconline.co.uk/documents/ASSC_Evaluation_of_RTOS_Systems_Report.pdf |title = ASSC - Evaluation of RTOS Systems |publisher = assconline.co.uk |date = March 1997 |accessdate = 2008-07-27 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110904132643/http://www.assconline.co.uk/documents/ASSC_Evaluation_of_RTOS_Systems_Report.pdf |archivedate = 2011-09-04 |df = }} 2. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.aviationtoday.com/av/commercial/Integrated-Modular-Avionics-Less-is-More_8420.html |title=Integrated Modular Avionics: Less is More |quote=Some believe the IMA concept originated in the United States with the new F-22 and F-35 fighters and then migrated to the commercial jetliner arena. Others say the modular avionics concept, with less integration, has been used in business jets and regional airliners since the late 1980s or early 90s |publisher=Aviation Today |date=2007-02-01}} 3. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.ainonline.com/news/single-news-page/article/technical-hurdles-delay-primus-epic-program/ |archive-url = https://archive.is/20100716154904/http://www.ainonline.com/news/single-news-page/article/technical-hurdles-delay-primus-epic-program/ |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 2010-07-16 |title = Technical hurdles delay Primus Epic program |publisher = ainonline.com |date = 2003-08-01 |quote = When Honeywell started the development program no one had ever certified an MAU. There were no regulations or TSO standards to follow and so Honeywell had to start from square one, working with the FAA and JAA to set the standards for what an MAU would be. |accessdate = 2008-09-27}} 4. ^{{cite web |url = http://ftp.rta.nato.int/public//PubFullText/RTO/EN/RTO-EN-SCI-176///EN-SCI-176-04.pdf |title = Integrated Modular Avionics - Development Guidance and Certification Considerations |publisher = National Aerospace Laboratory |author = René L.C. Eveleens |quote = Biggest challenge within this area is that modular avionics is a composition of building blocks, preferably supplied by different companies in the supply chain. Each supplier is supposed to bring its part to a certain level of qualification, and after this a system integrator can use these “pre-qualified” part in the overall certification process. |date = 2 November 2006 |accessdate = 2011-06-25 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120603215148/http://ftp.rta.nato.int/public//PubFullText/RTO/EN/RTO-EN-SCI-176///EN-SCI-176-04.pdf |archive-date = 2012-06-03 |dead-url = yes |df = }} 5. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.thalesonline.com/Press-Room/Press-Release-search-all/Press-Release-search-result/Press-Release-Article.html?link=58712A12-2804-0316-0F54-0B3D2D456944:central&locale=EN-gb&Title=Avionics+for+the+A380%3A+new+and+highly+functional+%21+Dynamic+flightdeck+presentation+at+Paris+Air+Show&dis=1 |title = Avionics for the A380: new and highly functional ! Dynamic flightdeck presentation at Paris Air Show |publisher = Thales Group |quote = Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA), based on standardised modules that can be shared by several functions. The IMA concept is very scalable, and delivers significant improvements in reliability, maintainability, size and weight. |date = 2003-06-17 |accessdate = 2008-02-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080503173048/http://www.thalesonline.com/Press-Room/Press-Release-search-all/Press-Release-search-result/Press-Release-Article.html?link=58712A12-2804-0316-0F54-0B3D2D456944:central&locale=EN-gb&Title=Avionics+for+the+A380%3A+new+and+highly+functional+%21+Dynamic+flightdeck+presentation+at+Paris+Air+Show&dis=1 |archive-date = 2008-05-03 |dead-url = yes |df = }} 6. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.geaviationsystems.com/Products--/Digital/Platform-Computing-Systems/Modular-Processing-Systems/Common-Core-System--CCS-/index.asp|title=Common Core System (CCS)| publisher=GE Aviation Systems| quote=GE has developed a compute platform running an ARINC 653 partitioned operating environment with an Avionics Full Duplex Switched Ethernet (AFDX) network backbone. The CCS provides shared system platform resources to host airplane functional systems such as Avionics, Environmental Control, Electrical, Mechanical, Hydraulic, Auxiliary Power Unit, Cabin Services, Flight Controls, Health Management, Fuel, Payloads, and Propulsion.| accessdate=2008-02-09}} 7. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.honeywell.com/sites/servlet/com.merx.npoint.servlets.DocumentServlet?docid=DF366FB02-A826-B738-E457-4370CFFEF6CD| title=Dassault Falcon EASY Flight Deck| publisher=Honeywell| quote=The heart of the EASy platform is two, dual-channel, cabinet-based modular avionics units (MAUs). Highly rationalized, the MAU integrates functional cards for several applications into a single module. Each functional card performs multiple tasks previously requiring dedicated computer processors.| date= July 2005| accessdate=2008-02-09}} 8. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.thalesonline.com/Press-Room/Press-Release-search-all/Press-Release-search-result/Press-Release-Article.html?link=24175808-042D-603C-727B-3572166D5E18:central&locale=EN-gb&Title=Thales+wins+major+Rafale+through-life+support+contract+from+SIMMAD&dis=1 |title = Thales wins major Rafale through-life support contract from SIMMAD |publisher = Thales Group |accessdate = 2008-02-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080503173043/http://www.thalesonline.com/Press-Room/Press-Release-search-all/Press-Release-search-result/Press-Release-Article.html?link=24175808-042D-603C-727B-3572166D5E18:central&locale=EN-gb&Title=Thales+wins+major+Rafale+through-life+support+contract+from+SIMMAD&dis=1 |archive-date = 2008-05-03 |dead-url = yes |df = }} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dassault-aviation.com/fileadmin/user_upload/redacteur/presse/Backgrounders/RAFALE_EN.doc |title=RAFALE |publisher=Dassault Aviation |quote=The core of the enhanced capabilities of the RAFALE lies in a new Modular Data Processing Unit (MDPU). It is composed of up to 18 flight line-replaceable modules, each with a processing power 50 times higher than that of the 2084 XRI type computer fitted on the early versions of Mirage 2000-5. |date=2005-06-12 |accessdate=2008-02-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204095221/http://www.dassault-aviation.com/fileadmin/user_upload/redacteur/presse/Backgrounders/RAFALE_EN.doc |archivedate=2007-12-04 |df= }} IMA Publications & Whitepapers
Other External links
3 : Avionics|Aircraft instruments|Modularity |
随便看 |
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。