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词条 Conservation in Australia
释义

  1. Conservation issues

  2. Legal framework

     International environmental law  Federal law 

  3. Protected areas

  4. Threatened species

  5. Conservation organisations

  6. References

  7. External links

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Conservation in Australia is an issue of state and federal policy. Australia is one of the most biologically diverse countries in the world,{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}} with a large portion of species endemic to Australia. Preserving this wealth of biodiversity is important for future generations.

Animal habitats like reefs and forests must be preserved in order to preserve population and diversity of animal species. Conservation is vital for future study and for field research to be taken, and because biological richness is an unmeasurable aesthetic that may be developed into commercial recreational attractions.

According to Janine Benyus, the potential for advances in biomimicry in Australia are great because the extreme weather and conditions found here provide an excellent evolutionary incubator. Research on natural processes can only occur if habitat is preserved and organisms continue to thrive.

Federal and State governments manage protected areas and national parks; a number of non-governmental organizations are also involved in conservation.

Conservation issues

{{Main|Environmental issues in Australia}}{{further|Invasive species in Australia|Salinity in Australia|Whaling in Australia}}

A key conservation issue is the preservation of biodiversity, especially by protecting the remaining rainforests. The destruction of habitat by human activities, including land clearing, remains the major cause of biodiversity loss in Australia. The importance of the Australian rainforests to the conservation movement is very high. Australia is the only western country to have large areas of rainforest intact.[1] Forests provide timber, drugs, and food and should be managed to maximize the possible uses. Currently, there are a number of environmental movements and campaigners advocating for action on saving the environment, one such campaign is the Big Switch.[2]

Land management issues including clearance of native vegetation, reafforestation of once-cleared areas, control of exotic weeds and pests, expansion of dryland salinity, and changed fire regimes. Intensification of resource use in sectors such as forestry, fisheries, and agriculture are widely reported to contribute to biodiversity loss in Australia. Coastal and marine environments also have reduced biodiversity from reduced water quality caused by pollution and sediments arising from human settlements and agriculture. In central New South Wales where there are large plains of grassland, problems have risen from—unusual to say—lack of land clearing.

Shark culling (the killing of sharks) currently occurs in New South Wales and Queensland (in government "shark control" programs).[3] These programs have damaged the marine ecosystem.[3] Roughly 50,000 sharks have been killed by Queensland authorities since 1962, including in the Great Barrier Reef.[4][5] Queensland's "shark control" program has been called "outdated, cruel and ineffective".[5] The "shark control" programs in New South Wales and Queensland have killed thousands of animals, such as turtles and dolphins.[3][6] In 2018 Humane Society International filed a lawsuit against the government of Queensland to stop shark culling in the Great Barrier Reef.[5]Specific issues:
  • Blue Gum Forest
  • Fraser Island
  • Franklin Dam
  • Lake Pedder
  • Uranium mining in Kakadu National Park
  • Plight of the Murray River system
  • Shark culling in New South Wales and Queensland

Legal framework

Conservation of the natural environment in Australia is derived from five different sources of law, namely international law, federal law, State law and local government law as well as the application of the common law.

International environmental law

International agreements that affect conservation policy in Australia.

Entry in forceTitle, date, place of agreement
1948International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, 1946, Washington
1961Antarctic Treaty, 1959, Washington
1975Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat, 1971, Ramsar
1975Convention for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972, Paris
1975Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 1973, Washington
1982Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Living Marine Resources, 1980, Canberra
1983Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1979, Bonn
1985International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983, Geneva
1993Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992, Rio de Janeiro, leading to Australia's Biodiversity Action Plan
1993United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, particularly in Africa, 1994, Paris
1994 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, Montego Bay
1994United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992, New York

Federal law

The primary federal law is the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth), usually referred to as the EPBC Act.

Protected areas

{{Main|Protected areas of Australia}}

There are numerous protected areas in all States and Territories that have been created to protect and preserve Australia's unique ecosystems. Protected areas include national parks and other reserves, as well as 64 wetlands which are registered under the Ramsar Convention and 16 World Heritage Sites. {{As of|2002}}, 10.8% (774,619.51 km²) of the total land area of Australia is within a protected area.[7] Protected marine zones have been created in many areas to preserve marine biodiversity; as of 2002 they cover about 7% (646,000 km²) of Australia's marine jurisdiction.[8]

Protected areas of include those managed by the federal Department of the Environment and Energy, and national parks and other protected areas managed by the states, Agencies responsible for protected areas include:

  • Director of National Parks
  • Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority
  • New South Wales Department of Environment and Climate Change
  • Parks Victoria
  • Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service
  • Department of Environment and Water (South Australia)
  • Department of Environment and Conservation (Western Australia)
  • Tasmania Parks and Wildlife Service
  • Chief Minister's Department (Australian Capital Territory)
  • Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory

Threatened species

{{Main|Threatened fauna of Australia}}

Conservation organisations

A number of governmental and nongovernmental organizations work in conservation and restoration of the Australian environment.

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  • ASGAP - comprising the Wildflower Society of WA (in WA) & Australian Plants Society (other states)
  • Australian Conservation Foundation
  • Australian Koala Foundation
  • Australian Marine Conservation Society
  • Australian Rainforest Conservation Society
  • Australian Wildlife Conservancy
  • Banksia Environmental Foundation
  • Bush Heritage Australia
  • Birds Australia
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  • Clean Up Australia
  • Conservation Volunteers Australia
  • Environment Tasmania
  • Foundation for National Parks & Wildlife
  • Green Corps
  • Greening Australia
  • Landcare Australia
  • National Parks Australia Council
{{col-break}}
  • Natural Heritage Trust Australia
  • NSW Wildlife Information Rescue and Education Service
  • Planet Ark
  • Rainforest Rescue
  • Sustainable Population Australia
  • Sydney Metropolitan Wildlife Service
  • Wilderness Society
  • Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland
  • Wildlife Warriors
  • World Wide Fund for Nature (Australia)
{{col-end}}{{Portal|Environment|Australia}}

References

1. ^Our Rainforests and the issues by Beryl Morris, Tondy Sadler and Graham N. Harrington. 1992. CSIRO. {{ISBN|0-643-05141-4}}
2. ^The Big Switch
3. ^1 2 https://web.archive.org/web/20181002102324/https://www.marineconservation.org.au/pages/shark-culling.html "Shark Culling". marineconservation.org.au. Archived from the original on 2018-10-02. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
4. ^https://www.news.com.au/technology/science/animals/aussie-shark-population-is-staggering-decline/news-story/49e910c828b6e2b735d1c68e6b2c956e Aussie shark population in staggering decline. Rhian Deutrom. December 14, 2018. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
5. ^1 2 https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/queensland-government-kills-sharks-faces-court-challenge "Queensland Government Kills Sharks, Faces Court Challenge". maritime-executive.com. September 4, 2018. Retrieved December 26, 2018.
6. ^http://www.afd.org.au/news-articles/queenslands-shark-control-program-has-snagged-84000-animals Action for Dolphins. Queensland’s Shark Control Program Has Snagged 84,000 Animals. Thom Mitchell. November 20, 2015. Retrieved December 25, 2018.
7. ^Department of the Environment and Heritage. 2002. Summary of Terrestrial Protected Areas in Australia by Type

8. ^Department of the Environment and Heritage. 2002. About the National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas (NRSMPA)

External links

  • State of the Environment reporting
{{conservation of species|state=expanded}}{{Oceania topic|Conservation in}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Conservation In Australia}}

1 : Conservation in Australia
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