“91st Division (United States)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The 91st Infantry Division (famously nicknamed as the "Wild West Division"^[1] with a "Fir Tree" as its Division insignia to symbolize its traditional home of the Far West^[3]) was an infantry division of the United States Army that fought in World War I and World War II. From 1946 until 2008, it was part of the United States Army Reserve. It was briefly inactivated from 2008 until 2010 when it was elevated back to a division size element as the 91st Training Division (Operations).^[1]

History

World War I

Constituted on 5 August 1917 at Camp Lewis, Washington, near Tacoma, the division soon thereafter departed for England in the summer of 1918. In September 1918, the division's first operation was in the St. Mihiel Offensive in France. Serving under the U.S. Army's V Corps, the division fought in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive and successfully helped to destroy the German First Guard Division and continued to smash through three successive enemy lines.^[1]^[9]

Twelve days before the end of World War I, the division, as part of the VII Corps of the French Sixth Army, helped drive the Germans east across the Escaut River in the Battle of the Lys and the Escaut. The division was awarded separate campaign streamers for its active role in the Lorraine, Meuse-Argonne and Ypres-Lys campaigns.^[1]^[9]

Interwar period

After being reconstituted in 1921 as part of the Organized Reserves and being assigned to the state of California, the division then served as an administrative control center for the next 21 years.^[1]^[9]

World War II

As the early battles of World War II involving the United States were being fought, the division was reactivated at Camp White, Oregon on August 15, 1942, under the command of Major General Charles H. Gerhardt. After initial training at Camp White, the division participation in the Oregon Maneuver combat exercise in the fall of 1943.^[11]^[12]

Order of battle

Then, the division, now under Major General William G. Livesay, departed for the European Continent on April 3, 1944. There, on the Italian Front, the 361st Regimental Combat Team was detached to participate in the battles for Rome and the Arno River. It became the first formation of the U.S. Fifth Army to reach the river. In September 1944, the division crossed the Sieve River, outflanked the famous Gothic Line, and captured the Futa Pass. For its part in combat, the division was awarded the North Apennines, Po Valley and Rome-Arno campaign streamers.

The division returned to the United States where it was inactivated at Camp Rucker, Alabama, in December 1945.^[1]^[9] Two members were awarded the Medal of Honor during the war, Roy W. Harmon and Oscar G. Johnson.^[13]

World War II statistics

Army Reserve

In December 1946, the 91st was reactivated at the Presidio of San Francisco as part of the U.S. Army Reserve. In 1959, the division was reorganized and redesignated as the 91st Division (Training). In 1993, the division was again reorganized and redesignated as the 91st Division (Exercise) and again in 1999 as the 91st Division (Training Support).^[1]^[9]

Its headquarters was at Parks Reserve Forces Training Area (PRFTA), Dublin, California,^[15] when the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended the Department of Defense relocate the 91st Division to Fort Hunter Liggett.^[16]

The four brigades of the 91st Division were redesignated as separate brigades:{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}

The 91st Division moved its headquarters to Fort Hunter Liggett on 1 May 2009, was reorganized and re-designated as the 91st Training Brigade (Operations) on 1 October 2009 and was then re-designated as the 91st Training Division (Operations) on 1 October 2010.^[17]

Subordinate units

As of 2017 the following units are subordinated to the 91st Training Division (Operations):

Notable members

References

1. ^¹{{cite web|title=Special Unit Designations |url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/spdes-123-ra_ar.html |publisher=United States Army Center of Military History |date=21 April 2010 |accessdate=9 July 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709200756/http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/spdes-123-ra_ar.html |archivedate=9 July 2010 |deadurl=yes }}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lonesentry.com/91stdivision/introduction.html|title=Lone Sentry: Unit History: 91st Infantry Division (Introduction)|author=|date=|website=www.lonesentry.com|accessdate=20 April 2018}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/goga/historyculture/fort-baker.htm|title=Fort Baker|date=20 July 2012|publisher=United States Department of the Interior|work=National Park Service|accessdate=30 July 2012}}
4. ^http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/023/23-2/CMH_Pub_23-2.pdf Order of Battle in the Great War P373
5. ^http://www.cgsc.edu/CARL/nafziger/918UKAA.pdf Nafziger collection
6. ^The US Army Order of Battle from 1919-1941 p267
7. ^The US Army Order of Battle from 1919-1941 p866
8. ^The US Army Order of Battle from 1919-1941 p1734
9. ^The US Army Order of Battle from 1919-1941 p1959, p2243
10. ^{{cite book|title=History of the 347th Machine Gun Battalion|date=1923|publisher=Horwinski Company|location=Oakland, California|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=njp.32101073313650;view=1up;seq=10|accessdate=11 October 2015}}
11. ^Kramer, George, “Camp White”, The Oregon Encyclopedia, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, 23 October 2010.
12. ^Brogan, Phil F., East of the Cascades (Third Edition), Binford & Mort, Portland, Oregon, 1965, pp. 272–275.
13. ^Military History Network. Congressional Medal of Honor Recipients, Mediterranean Theater of Operations, World War II.
14. ^Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths, Final Report (Statistical and Accounting Branch, Office of the Adjutant General, 1 June 1953)
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/camp-parks.htm |title=Camp Parks Reserve Forces Training Area (PRFTA) |date=21 August 2008 |work=Camp Parks Reserve Forces Training Area (PRFTA) |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |accessdate=17 February 2011}}
16. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/91d.htm |title=91st Division (Training Support) |date=21 August 2008 |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |accessdate=17 February 2011}}
17. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷{{cite web|url=http://www.usar.army.mil/arweb/organization/commandstructure/USARC/TNG/84tng/Commands/91BDE/History/Pages/default.aspx |title=91st Training Division (Operations) History |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher=United States Army |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722183853/http://www.usar.army.mil/arweb/organization/commandstructure/USARC/TNG/84tng/Commands/91BDE/History/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=22 July 2011 |accessdate=17 February 2011 |deadurl=yes }}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.usar.army.mil/Commands/Training/84th-TNG-CMD/91st-TNG-DIV/|title=U.S. Army Reserve > Commands > Functional > 84th TNG CMD|author=|date=|website=www.usar.army.mil|accessdate=20 April 2018}}
19. ^{{cite book |last=White |first=G. Edward |date=15 July 1982 |title=Earl Warren, a public life |url= |location= |publisher=Oxford University Press |page= |isbn=0-19-503121-0}}
20. ^{{cite book|last1=Hald|first1=Chris|last2=Webber|first2=Bert|date=September 1994|title=Camp White Oregon: The 91st (Pine Tree Infantry Division)|publisher=Webb Research Group |page= |isbn=0-936738-09-X}}