“Continuing resolution”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In the United States, a continuing resolution (often abbreviated to CR) is a type of appropriations legislation. An appropriations bill is a bill that appropriates (gives to, sets aside for) money to specific federal government departments, agencies, and programs. The money provides funding for operations, personnel, equipment, and activities.^[1] Regular appropriations bills are passed annually, with the funding they provide covering one fiscal year. The fiscal year is the accounting period of the federal government, which runs from October 1 to September 30 of the following year.^[2] When Congress and the president fail to agree on and pass one or more of the regular appropriations bills, a continuing resolution can be passed instead. A continuing resolution continues the pre-existing appropriations at the same levels as the previous fiscal year (or with minor modifications) for a set amount of time.^[1] Continuing resolutions typically provide funding at a rate or formula based on the previous year's funding.^[3] The funding extends until a specific date or regular appropriations bills are passed, whichever comes first. There can be some changes to some of the accounts in a continuing resolution. The continuing resolution takes the form of a joint resolution, and may provide bridging funding for existing federal programs at current, reduced, or expanded levels.^[4]

Appropriations bills

An appropriations bill is a bill that appropriates (gives to, sets aside for) money to specific federal government departments, agencies, and programs. The money provides funding for operations, personnel, equipment, and activities.^[1] Traditionally, regular appropriations bills are passed annually, with the funding they provide covering one fiscal year.

There are three types of appropriations bills: regular appropriations bills, continuing resolutions, and supplemental appropriations bills.^[1] Regular appropriations bills are the twelve standard bills that cover the funding for the federal government for one fiscal year and that are supposed to be enacted into law by October 1.^[5] If Congress has not enacted the regular appropriations bills by the time, it can pass a continuing resolution, which continues the pre-existing appropriations at the same levels as the previous fiscal year (or with minor modifications) for a set amount of time.^[1] The third type of appropriations bills are supplemental appropriations bills, which add additional funding above and beyond what was originally appropriated at the beginning of the fiscal year. Supplemental appropriations bills can be used for things like disaster relief.^[6]

United States budget and spending process

The United States government operates on a budget calendar that runs from October 1 through September 30. Each year, Congress must appropriate a specific amount of money to each department, agency, and program to provide funding for operations, personnel, equipment, and activities.^[1] Traditionally, the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate agree together on a budget resolution in the spring that is then used to determine spending limits for twelve regular appropriations bills. The twelve appropriations bills then appropriate the funding for the federal government to use for the next budgetary year. The appropriations bills must be signed into the law by the President, although the budget resolution itself is not subject to his or her approval.

If Congress fails to appropriate the necessary funds for the federal government, the government shuts down as a result of the Antideficiency Act.^[7] The law "forbids federal officials from entering into financial obligations for which they do not have funding," such as buying ink, paying for electricity, or paying employees.^[7]

Congress can avoid a government shutdown by passing a continuing resolution instead.^[1]

Advantages and disadvantages

Standoffs between the President and Congress or between political parties, elections, and more urgent legislative matters complicate the budget process, frequently making the continuing resolution a common occurrence in American government.^[8] They allow the government to take its time making difficult fiscal decisions.

Federal agencies are disrupted during periods of reduced funding. With non-essential operations suspended, many agencies are forced to interrupt research projects, training programs, or other important functions. Its impact on day-to-day management can be severe, costing some employees the equivalent of several months' time.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

History

Between fiscal year 1977 and fiscal year 2015, Congress only passed all twelve regular appropriations bills on time in four years - fiscal years 1977, 1989, 1995, and 1997.^[3]

Between 1980 and 2013, there were eight government shutdowns in the United States.^[9] Most of these shutdowns revolved around budget issues including fights over the debt ceiling and led to the furlough of certain 'non-essential' personnel. The majority of these fights lasted 1–2 days with a few exceptions lasting more than a week.

There was a government shutdown that occurred in 1995. This incident involved a standoff between Democratic President, Bill Clinton, and Congressional Republicans that led to the shutdown of the federal government.^[10] Without enough votes to override President Clinton's veto, Newt Gingrich led the Republicans not to submit a revised budget, allowing the previously-approved appropriations to expire on schedule. The resulting lack of appropriations led to the shutdown of non-essential functions of the federal government for 28 days due to lack of funds.

In 2013, Congress failed to agree on any regular appropriations bills prior to the start of fiscal year 2014. An attempt was made to pass the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2014 (H.J.Res 59) prior to October 1, but the House and Senate could not agree on its provisions, leading to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013.^[11]^[12] The shutdown of October 2013 involved a dispute over the continuing resolution in a standoff between Democratic President Barack Obama and Congressional Republicans led by House Speaker John Boehner. The forefront issue was House Republicans' attempt to tie a continuing resolution to a defunding or delay of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act while Senate Democrats insisted on a "clean" spending bill not tied to any other changes. The lack of agreement^[13] led to a prolonged shutdown and furlough of more than 800,000 federal workers. The federal government resumed operations on October 17, 2013 after the passage of a continuing resolution, the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014, that provided funding until January 15, 2014.^[14] On January 15, 2014, Congress passed another continuing resolution, {{USBill|113|H.J.Res.|106}} Making further continuing appropriations for fiscal year 2014, to provide funding until January 18, 2014.^[15] Congress finally passed the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2014, an omnibus appropriations bill, on January 17, 2014 to provide funding for the remaining fiscal year 2014.^[16]

List of continuing resolutions for the U.S. federal budget

2001 U.S. federal budget

2002 U.S. federal budget

2003 U.S. federal budget

2007 U.S. federal budget

2008 U.S. federal budget

2009 U.S. federal budget

2010 U.S. federal budget

2011 U.S. federal budget

Beginning in September 2010, Congress passed a series of continuing resolutions to fund the government.^[17]

2013 U.S. federal budget

The government began fiscal year 2013 operating under the Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2013 ({{USPL|112|175}}), which provided funding through March 27, 2013. It was signed by President Obama on September 28, 2012.^[25] Spending through the end of fiscal year 2013 is authorized by the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013, signed into law by President Obama on March 26, 2013.^[26]

2014 U.S. federal budget

2015 U.S. federal budget

2016 U.S. federal budget

2017 U.S. federal budget

2018 U.S. federal budget

See also

References

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{cite web|last=Tollestrup|first=Jessica|title=The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42388.pdf|publisher=Congressional Research Service|accessdate=January 23, 2014|date=February 23, 2012}}
2. ^{{cite web|last=Heniff Jr.|first=Bill|title=Basic Federal Budgeting Terminology|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/98-410.pdf|publisher=Congressional Research Service|accessdate=January 9, 2014|date=November 26, 2012}}
3. ^¹{{cite web|last=Tollestrup|first=Jessica|title=The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42388.pdf|publisher=Congressional Research Service|accessdate=January 24, 2014|page=12|date=February 23, 2012}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov/reference/glossary_term/continuing_resolution.htm|title=U.S. Senate: Reference > Home > Glossary > continuing resolution/continuing appropriations|accessdate=October 17, 2013}}
5. ^{{cite web|last=Tollestrup|first=Jessica|title=The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42388.pdf|publisher=Congressional Research Service|accessdate=January 24, 2014|pages=10–11|date=February 23, 2012}}
6. ^{{cite web|last=Tollestrup|first=Jessica|title=The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction|url=http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42388.pdf|publisher=Congressional Research Service|accessdate=January 24, 2014|page=13|date=February 23, 2012}}
7. ^¹{{cite news|last=Cohen|first=Andrew|title=The Odd Story of the Law That Dictates How Government Shutdowns Work|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/09/the-odd-story-of-the-law-that-dictates-how-government-shutdowns-work/280047/|accessdate=March 20, 2014|newspaper=The Atlantic|date=September 28, 2013}}
8. ^{{cite web | title =CONTINUING RESOLUTIONS Uncertainty Limited Management Options and Increased Workload in Selected Agencies | publisher =Government Accountability Office | url =http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09879.pdf | accessdate =April 22, 2013}}
9. ^{{cite news | title =Start Getting Ready for the Next Government Shutdown | publisher =Bloomberg | date =October 10, 2013 | url =http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-10-10/start-getting-ready-for-the-next-government-shutdown | accessdate =October 10, 2013}}
10. ^{{cite news | title =Government shutdown looms | publisher =CNN | date =November 11, 1995 | url =http://www.cnn.com/US/9511/debt_limit/11-11/shutdown_pm/index.html | accessdate =December 5, 2006}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=H.J.Res 59 - Summary|url=http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th/house-joint-resolution/59|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=September 20, 2013}}
12. ^{{cite news|last=Bolton|first=Alexander|title=Senate rejects House funding bill with government shutdown in clear sight|url=http://thehill.com/homenews/senate/325519-senate-rejects-house-bill-with-shutdown-in-clear-sight|accessdate=October 1, 2013|newspaper=The Hill|date=September 30, 2013}}
13. ^{{cite news | title =Government shutdown: Americans hurt as DC 'squabbles like kids' | publisher =CNN | date =October 1, 2013 | url =http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/01/politics/government-shutdown-americans-affected/index.html | accessdate =October 10, 2013}}
14. ^{{cite news|last=Nakamura|first=David|title=Congress sends Obama bill to end shutdown|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/house-effort-to-end-fiscal-crisis-collapses-leaving-senate-to-forge-last-minute-solution/2013/10/16/1e8bb150-364d-11e3-be86-6aeaa439845b_story.html|accessdate=October 17, 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=October 16, 2013|author2=Kane, Paul|author3=Montgomery, Lori}}
15. ^¹{{cite news|last=Kasperowicz|first=Pete|title=Next Week: Time to pass a spending bill (or two)|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/ballot-box/195143-next-week-time-to-pass-a-spending-bill-or-two|accessdate=January 15, 2014|newspaper=The Hill|date=January 10, 2014}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=H.R. 3547 - All Actions|url=http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/3547/all-actions/|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=December 6, 2013}}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/home/approp/app11.html |title=Status of Appropriations Legislation for Fiscal Year 2011 |work=THOMAS |publisher=Library of Congress |date=April 5, 2011 |accessdate=April 5, 2011}}
18. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.usgs.gov/budget/whats_new.asp|title=www.usgs.gov/budget/whats_new.asp|accessdate=March 12, 2011}}
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://appropriations.house.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressReleases.Detail&PressRelease_id=246 |title=Committee on Appropriations |publisher=Appropriations.house.gov |accessdate=April 9, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110113150949/http://appropriations.house.gov/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressReleases.Detail&PressRelease_id=246 |archivedate=January 13, 2011 |df= }}
20. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/02/AR2011030203449.html |first1=Shailagh |last1=Murray |first2=Felicia |last2=Sonmez |first3=Lori |last3=Montgomery |title=Obama signs short-term spending bill, averting federal shutdown |newspaper=Washington Post |date=March 2, 2011 |accessdate=March 2, 2011}}
21. ^{{cite news|last=Steinhauer|first=Jennifer|title=House Votes to End Money for NPR, and Senate Passes Spending Bill|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/18/us/politics/18congress.html|accessdate=April 8, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 18, 2011|page=A20}}
22. ^{{cite news|last=Shear|first=Michael D.|title=Deal at Last Minute Averts Shutdown; Nearly $40 Billion in Cuts Are Outlined |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/09/us/politics/09fiscal.html|accessdate=April 9, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 9, 2011}}
23. ^{{cite news|last=Silverleib|first=Alan|title=Democrats, Republicans agree on a budget deal|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/04/08/congress.budget/|publisher=CNN.com|accessdate=April 9, 2011|author2=Cohen, Tom|date=April 8, 2011}}
24. ^{{cite news|last=Hulse|first=Carl|title=No Accord in Budget Talks as Policy Fights Hamper Deal|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/08/us/politics/08congress.html|accessdate=April 8, 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 8, 2011|page=A1}}
25. ^{{cite web|title=Status of Appropriations Legislation for Fiscal Year 2013|url=http://thomas.loc.gov/home/approp/app13.html|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=October 1, 2012}}
26. ^{{cite web|title=H.R.933 - Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2013|url=http://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/933|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=March 30, 2013|date=2013-03-26}}
27. ^{{cite news|last=Montgomery|first=Lori|title=Obama signs bill to raise debt limit, reopen government|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/house-effort-to-end-fiscal-crisis-collapses-leaving-senate-to-forge-last-minute-solution/2013/10/16/1e8bb150-364d-11e3-be86-6aeaa439845b_story.html|accessdate=October 17, 2013|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=October 16, 2013|author2=Helderman, Rosalind S.}}
28. ^¹{{cite news|last1=Shabad|first1=Rebecca|title=House approves $1T spending bill|url=http://thehill.com/homenews/house/218071-house-approves-1t-spending-bill|accessdate=September 22, 2014|publisher=The Hill|date=September 17, 2014}}
29. ^{{cite web|title=H.J.Res.124 - All Actions|url=https://beta.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-joint-resolution/124/all-actions|publisher=United States Congress|accessdate=September 22, 2014|date=2014-09-19}}
30. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.budget.senate.gov/republican/public/index.cfm/2015/9/budget-bulletin-2016-continuing-resolution| publisher=US Senate| accessdate=July 6, 2017| deadurl=bot: unknown| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094622/http://www.budget.senate.gov/republican/public/index.cfm/2015/9/budget-bulletin-2016-continuing-resolution| archivedate=March 4, 2016| df=}}
31. ^{{cite web | url=https://news.yahoo.com/once-again-congress-kick-budget-212600599.html | title=Once Again, Congress Will Kick the Budget Can Down the Road | accessdate=October 1, 2015 | author=Martin Matishak}}
32. ^{{cite web|title=U.S. Senate roll call vote|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=114&session=2&vote=00151|accessdate=September 30, 2016}}
33. ^{{cite web|title=Final Vote Results for Roll Call 573|url=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2016/roll573.xml|accessdate=September 30, 2016}}
34. ^{{cite web|title=Signed Legislation|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/signed-legislation|accessdate=September 30, 2016}}
35. ^{{cite web|title=H.R. 5235 Continuing Appropriations and Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2017, and Zika Response and Preparedness Act|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/content/pkg/BILLS-114hr5325enr/pdf/BILLS-114hr5325enr.pdf}}