1. Design and development
    Weapons systems 

2. Operational history
    Excessive program expenditure  Adverse flight characteristics  Operational wings and retirement  Test aircraft  World records 

3. Variants

4. Operators

5. Incidents

6. Aircraft on display

7. Specifications (B-58A)

8. Notable appearances in media

9. See also

10. References
     Notes  Bibliography 

11. External links

The Convair B-58 Hustler was the first operational jet bomber capable of Mach 2 flight.^[2] The aircraft was designed by Convair and developed for the United States Air Force (USAF) for service in the Strategic Air Command (SAC) during the 1960s.^[3] It used a delta wing, which was also employed by Convair fighters such as the F-102, with four General Electric J79 engines in underwing pods. It carried five nuclear weapons; four on pylons under the wings, and one nuclear weapon and fuel in a combination bomb/fuel pod under the fuselage, rather than in an internal bomb bay.

Replacing the Boeing B-47 Stratojet medium bomber, it was originally intended to fly at high altitudes and supersonic speeds to avoid Soviet fighters. The B-58 was notorious for its sonic boom, which was often heard by the public as it passed overhead in supersonic flight.^[4]

The introduction of highly-accurate Soviet surface-to-air missiles forced the B-58 into a low-level-penetration role that severely limited its range and strategic value, and it was never employed to deliver conventional bombs. This resulted in only a brief operational career between 1960 and 1970 when the B-58 was succeeded by the smaller, swing-wing FB-111A.^[5]

Design and development

The genesis of the B-58 program was the Generalized Bomber Study (GEBO II) issued in February 1949 by the Air Research and Development Command (ARDC) at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, for the development of a supersonic, long-range, bombardment aviation platform. The proposed bomber's design and development was to begin less than two years after sustained supersonic flight had been achieved.^[6] Contractors who bid to perform the generalized study (that hopefully would lead to a development contract) included Boeing, Convair, Curtiss, Douglas, Martin and North American Aviation.

Convair, which had built the XF-92A and other delta-wing fighters, initially looked at swept and semi-delta configurations, then settled on the delta wing planform, which offered good internal volume for support systems and fuel. It also had low wing loading (for airframe size), permitting supersonic flight in the mid-stratosphere at {{cvt|50,000|to|70,000|ft}}. The final Convair proposal, coded FZP-110, was a radical two-place, delta wing bomber design powered by General Electric J53 engines. The performance estimates included a {{cvt|1,000|mph|adj=on}} speed and a {{convert|3,000|mi|adj=on}} range.^[6]

The Air Force chose Boeing (MX-1712) and Convair MX-1626 to proceed to a Phase 1 study. The Convair design, refined and redesignated the MX-1964, was chosen in December 1952^[7] to meet the newly proposed SAB-51 (Supersonic Aircraft Bomber) and SAR-51 (Supersonic Aircraft Reconnaissance), the first General Operational Requirement (GOR) worldwide for supersonic bombers. In February 1953, the Air Force issued a contract to develop Convair's design.^[8]

The resulting B-58 design was the first "true" USAF supersonic bomber program. The Convair design was based on a delta wing with a leading-edge sweep of 60° with four General Electric J79-GE-1 turbojet engines, capable of flying at Mach 2. Although its large wing made for relatively low wing loading, it proved to be surprisingly well suited for low-altitude, high-speed flight. It seated three (pilot, bombardier/navigator, and defensive systems operator) in separated tandem cockpits. Later versions gave each crew member a novel ejection capsule that could eject at an altitude of {{cvt|70,000|ft}} at speeds up to Mach 2. Unlike standard ejection seats of the period, a protective clamshell would enclose the seat and the control stick with an attached oxygen cylinder, allowing the pilot to continue to fly even "turtled up" and ready for immediate egress. The capsule was buoyant; the crewmember could open the clamshell, and use it as a life raft.^[9][10] Unusually, the ejection systems was tested with live bears and chimpanzees.^[11] The XB-70 would use a similar system with capsules of a different design.

To protect against the heat generated while cruising at Mach 2, the crew compartment, the wheel wells and electronics bay were pressurized and air conditioned. The B-58 was one of the first extensive applications of aluminum honeycomb panels, which bonded outer and inner aluminum skins to a honeycomb of aluminum or fiberglass.^[12]

The pilot's cockpit was rather conventional for a large multi-engine aircraft.^[13] The electronic controls were ambitious and advanced for the day. The navigator and DSO's cockpits featured wraparound dashboards with warning lights and buttons, and automatic voice messages and warnings from a tape system were audible through the helmet sets. Research during the era of all-male combat aircraft assignments revealed that a woman's voice was more likely to gain the attention of young men in distracting situations. Nortronics Division of Northrop Corporation selected actress and singer Joan Elms to record the automated voice warnings. To those flying the B-58, the voice was known as "Sexy Sally."^[14][15]

Weapons systems

The Sperry AN/ASQ-42 bombing/navigation system combined a sophisticated inertial navigation system with the KS-39 Star tracker (astro-inertial navigation system) to provide heading reference, the AN/APN-113 Doppler radar to provide ground speed and windspeed data, a search radar to provide range data for bomb release and trajectory, and a radar altimeter.^[16] The AN/ASQ-42 was estimated to be 10 times more accurate than any previous bombing/navigation system.^[16]

Defensive armament consisted of a single 20 mm (0.79 in) T-171E-3 rotary cannon with 1,200 rounds of ammunition in a radar-aimed tail barbette.^[16][17] It was remotely controlled through the Emerson MD-7 automated radar fire-control system only requiring the DSO to lock-on a selected target blip on his scope and then fire the gun. The system computed aiming, velocity or heading differential, and range compensation.^[16] Offensive armament typically consisted of a single nuclear weapon, along with fuel tanks, in a streamlined MB-1C pod under the fuselage. Incurable difficulties with fuel leakage resulted in the replacement of the MB-1C with the TCP (Two Component Pod), which placed the nuclear weapon in an upper section while the lower fuel component could be independently jettisoned.^[18] This had the added benefit of allowing the pilot to "clean up" the aircraft for fuel efficiency or in case of emergency, while still retaining the (somewhat) slimmer weapon.

The first prototype, serial number 55-660, was completed in late August 1956.^[19] The first flight took place in November 1956.^[20] A difficult and protracted flight test program involving 30 aircraft continued until April 1959.^[21] The final B-58 was delivered in October 1962.^[21]

From 1961 to 1963, the B-58 was retrofitted with two tandem stub pylons under each wing root, adjacent to the centreline pod,^[22] for B43 or B61 nuclear weapons for a total of five nuclear weapons per aircraft. Although the USAF looked at using the B-58 for conventional strikes, it was never equipped for carrying or dropping conventional bombs. A photo reconnaissance pod, the LA-331, was also fielded. Several other specialized pods for ECM or an early cruise missile were considered, but not adopted. The late-1950s High Virgo air-launched ballistic missile was designed to be launched from the B-58; a Hustler carried out four test launches to determine ballistic missile and anti-satellite weapon system capability.^[23][24]

Operational history

The B-58 crews were chosen from other strategic bomber squadrons. Due to some characteristics of delta-winged aircraft, new pilots used the Convair F-102 Delta Dagger as a conversion trainer, before moving to the TB-58A trainer.^[25] The B-58 was difficult to fly and its three-man crews were constantly busy, but its performance was exceptional. A lightly loaded Hustler would climb at nearly 46,000 ft/min (235 m/s).^[26] In addition to its much smaller weapons load and more limited range than the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress, the B-58 had been extremely expensive to acquire.

Excessive program expenditure

Through FY 1961, the total cost of the B-58 program was $3 billion (${{Inflation|US-GDP|3|1959}} billion in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}} dollars).^[27][28] A highly complex aircraft, it also required considerable maintenance, much of which required specialized equipment and ground personnel. For comparison, the average maintenance cost per flying hour for the B-47 was $361, for the B-52 it was $1,025 and for the B-58 it was $1,440.^[29] The B-58 cost three times as much to operate as the B-52.^[30] The cost of maintaining and operating the two operational B-58 wings equaled that of six wings of B-52s.^[31] This included special detailed maintenance for the nose landing gear, which retracted in a complex fashion to avoid the center payload. Compounding this, the B-58 had a high accident rate: 26 B-58 aircraft were lost in accidents, 22.4% of total production. The SAC senior leadership had been doubtful about the aircraft type from the beginning, although its crews eventually became enthusiastic about the aircraft. General Curtis LeMay was never satisfied with the bomber, and after a flight in one declared that it was too small, far too expensive to maintain in combat readiness and required an excessive number of aerial refuelings to complete a mission.^[32] Although the high altitude ferry range of the B-58 was better than the B-47, the lack of forward basing resulted in a requirement for more KC-135 tanker support.^[33][34]

Adverse flight characteristics

While its performance and design were exceptional and appreciated, it was not easy to fly. This was caused by the 60° leading edge sweepback of its wing and was inherent in these types of delta wing platforms. It required a much higher angle of attack than a conventional aircraft, up to 9.4° at Mach 0.5 at low altitudes. If the angle of attack was too high, in excess of 17°, the bomber could pitch up and enter a spin. Several factors could prevent a successful recovery: if the pilot applied elevon, if the center of gravity was not correctly positioned, or if the spin occurred below {{convert|15,000|ft|m|abbr=off}}, recovery might not be possible. The B-58 also had stall characteristics that were unconventional. If the nose was elevated, the bomber maintained forward motion without pitching down. Unless large amounts of power were applied, the descent rate increased rapidly.^[31] Another problem pilots faced was called "fuel stacking" and took place when the B-58 accelerated or decelerated. It was due to fuel moving in the tanks and causing sudden changes in the center of gravity. This could cause the aircraft to pitch or bank and subsequently lose control.^[35] The B-58 was very difficult to safely recover from the loss of an engine at supersonic cruise due to differential thrust.

The aircraft had unusual takeoff requirements, with a 14° angle of attack needed for the rotation at about {{convert|203.5|kn}} for a {{convert|150000|lb|adj=on||}} combat weight.^[36] This poor takeoff performance was evident with the high landing speed, necessitating a drogue parachute for braking.

Operational wings and retirement

Two SAC bomb wings operated the B-58 during its operational service: the 43d Bombardment Wing, based at Carswell AFB, Texas from 1960 to 1964, and Little Rock AFB, Arkansas from 1964 to 1970; and the 305th Bombardment Wing, based at Bunker Hill AFB (later Grissom AFB), Indiana from 1961 to 1970. The 305th also operated the B-58 combat crew training school (CCTS), the predecessor of the USAF's current formal training units (FTUs).

By the time the early problems had largely been resolved and SAC interest in the bomber had solidified, Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara decided that the B-58 was not a viable weapon system.^[37] It was during the B-58's introduction that high-altitude Soviet surface-to-air missiles (SAM) became a threat, especially the SA-2 Guideline, a SAM system the Soviet Union extensively deployed. The "solution" to this problem was to fly at low altitudes, minimizing the radar line-of-sight and reducing exposure time.

Because of dense air at low altitudes, the B-58 could not fly at supersonic speeds and its moderate range was reduced further, negating the costly high-speed performance of the design. In late 1965, Secretary McNamara ordered retirement of the B-58 by 1970. Despite efforts of the Air Force to earn a reprieve, the phaseout proceeded on schedule. The last B-58s were retired in January 1970 and placed in storage with the Military Aircraft Storage and Disposition Center (MASDC) at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base. The fleet survived until 1977, when nearly all remaining aircraft were sold to Southwestern Alloys for disposal.^[38][39] The B-58 as a weapons system was replaced by the FB-111A. This was designed for low-altitude attack, to be more flexible with the carriage of conventional weapons, and less expensive to produce and maintain.

A total of 116 B-58s were produced: 30 trial aircraft and 86 production B-58A models. Most of the trial aircraft were later upgraded to operational standard. Eight were equipped as TB-58A training aircraft.

Since B-58 pilots were the only USAF pilots experienced in long-duration supersonic flight, several former Hustler crew members were selected by Colonel Douglas Nelson to fly the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird at the start of that program.

Test aircraft

A number of B-58s were used for special trials. One was specially modified to test the Hughes radar system intended for the Lockheed YF-12 interceptor and the North American F-108 Rapier, which had an extended nose to accommodate the radar and was nicknamed "Snoopy" (see Aircraft on Display). Several improved (and usually enlarged) variants, named B-58B and B-58C by the manufacturer, were proposed but never built.

World records

The B-58 set 19 world speed records, including coast-to-coast records, and the longest supersonic flight in history. In 1963, it flew from Tokyo to London (via Alaska), a distance of {{convert|8,028|miles|km}} in 8 hours, 35 minutes, 20.4 seconds, averaging {{convert|938|mph|kph|abbr=off}}. {{As of|2016}}, this record still stands.^[40][41] The aircraft was serving in an operational unit, and had not been modified in any way besides being washed and waxed. One of the goals of the flight was to push the limit of its new honeycomb construction technique. The speed of the flight was limited only by the speed at which they believed the honeycomb panels would delaminate, although one of the afterburners malfunctioned and the last hour of the flight was continued at subsonic speed. This reduced the average speed to roughly Mach 1.5, despite most of the flight being at Mach 2.^[42][43] This B-58 was called "Greased Lightning" – the codename for the record attempt.

Some of the record winning aerospace trophies the B-58 won were the Bleriot trophy, the Thompson trophy, the Mackay trophy, the Bendix trophy and the Harmon trophy.^[44]

Singer John Denver's father, Lieutenant Colonel Henry J. Deutschendorf, Sr., USAF, held several speed records as a B-58 pilot.^[45]

Variants

• XB-58: Prototype; two built.
• YB-58A: Pre-production aircraft, 11 built.
• B-58A: Three-seat medium-range strategic bomber aircraft, 86 built.
• TB-58A: Training aircraft, eight conversions from YB-58A.
• NB-58A: This designation was given to a YB-58A, which was used for testing the J93 engine. The engine was originally intended for the North American XB-70 Valkyrie Mach 3 bomber.
• RB-58A: Variant with ventral reconnaissance pod, 17 built.
• B-58B: Unbuilt version. SAC planned to order 185 of these improved bombers which had uprated J79-GE-9 engines, a stretched fuselage for extra fuel capacity, canards and could carry conventional weapons.^[35][46] A prototype B-58B was ordered (S/N 60-1109), but the entire project was canceled before construction began, due to budgetary considerations.^[47] The B variant was also planned to be the "mothership" for a Mach 4 parasite called the FISH (for First Invisible Super Hustler). Because It was to be faster and larger than the B-58A, it could carry the FISH instead of the external pod. At an altitude of at least {{convert|35000|ft|m|abbr=off}} at speeds in excess of Mach 2 the FISHs three ramjet engines could be started.^[48] The Super Hustler would then disengage from the B-58B and climb up to {{convert|90,000|ft|m|abbr=off}} and accelerate to Mach 4.2 to complete its mission.^[49][50]
• B-58C: Unbuilt version. Enlarged version with more fuel and 32,500 lbf (145 kN) J58, the same engine used on the Lockheed SR-71. Design studies were conducted with two and four engine designs, the C model had an estimated top speed approaching Mach 3, a supercruise capability of approximately Mach 2, and a service ceiling of about 70,000 ft (21,300 m) along with the capability of carrying conventional bombs. Convair estimated maximum range at 5,200 nautical miles (6,000 mi; 9,600 km). The B-58C was proposed as a lower cost alternative to the North American XB-70. As enemy defenses against high-speed, high-altitude penetration bombers improved, the value of the B-58C diminished and the program was canceled in early 1961.^[51]

Operators

{{USA}}

• United States Air Force
  • 43d Bombardment Wing – Carswell AFB, Texas (1960–1964); Little Rock AFB, Arkansas (1964–1970)
  • 63d Bombardment Squadron, Medium
  • 64th Bombardment Squadron, Medium
  • 65th Bombardment Squadron, Medium
  • 3958th Operational Test and Evaluation Squadron (1958–1960)
  • 305th Bombardment Wing – Bunker Hill (later Grissom AFB), Indiana (1961–1970)
  • 364th Bombardment Squadron, Medium
  • 365th Bombardment Squadron, Medium
  • 366th Bombardment Squadron, Medium
  • Air Force Flight Test Center – Edwards AFB, California (1956–1958)
  • 6592d Test Squadron

Incidents

On September 1961, a B-58 on training flight from Carswell Air Force Base suffered a fire and failure of the left main gear. A chase aircraft was sent to examine the aircraft in flight. Through the night, eight sessions of mid-air refuelling were conducted, using an improved technique, and once daylight broke a successful emergency landing was made at Edwards Air Force Base. The Air Force made a training film about the incident, including film of the landing.^[52]

On June 15, 1965, at the Paris Air Show (Paris, France), United States Air Force Lt. Colonel Charles D. Tubbs was killed and two other crewmen injured when their B-58 Hustler bomber crashed. The aircraft landed short of the runway, struck the instrument approach beacons and burst into flames.

Aircraft on display

Today there are eight B-58 survivors:^[53][54]

TB-58A

• 55-0663 – Grissom Air Museum, Grissom Air Reserve Base (former Bunker Hill AFB / former Grissom AFB), Peru, Indiana. This is the oldest remaining aircraft and the fourth B-58 built.^[55]
• 55-0668 – Little Rock Air Force Base in Jacksonville, Arkansas.^[56]

B-58A

• 55-0665 (Snoopy) – Edwards Air Force Base, California, {{Coord|34.816163|-117.863709}}. Built as a YB-58A, later redesignated B-58A. This aircraft sits derelict as a photo target on Edwards AFB's photo range.^[57]
• 55-0666 – Built as a YB-58A, later redesignated B-58A. Under restoration at Castle Air Museum at the former Castle Air Force Base in Atwater, California. Formerly on display at Octave Chanute Aerospace Museum, Rantoul, Illinois.^{[58][59][60][61]}
• 59-2437 (Firefly II) – Lackland AFB/Kelly Field Annex (former Kelly Air Force Base), San Antonio, Texas.^[62]
• 59-2458 (Cowtown Hustler) – National Museum of the United States Air Force, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio. This aircraft flew from Los Angeles to New York City and back on 5 March 1962, setting three separate speed records, and earning the crew the Bendix Trophy and the Mackay Trophy for 1962. The aircraft was flown to the Museum on 1 March 1969. The aircraft is on display in the Museum's Cold War gallery.^[63]
• 61-2059 (Greased Lightning) – Strategic Air Command & Aerospace Museum near Ashland, Nebraska. It averaged 938 nmph flying 8,028 nmi. from Tokyo to London in 8 hours and 35 minutes in October 1963.^[64]
• 61-2080 – Pima Air & Space Museum, adjacent to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, in Tucson, Arizona. It was the last B-58 to be delivered.^[65]

Specifications (B-58A)

Zero-lift drag coefficient: 0.0068

• Drag area: 10.49 ft² (0.97 m²)
• Aspect ratio: 2.09

• Lift-to-drag ratio: 11.3 (subsonic, "clean configuration")

• AN/APN-110 Doppler navigational radar^[70] (part of Sperry AN/ASQ-42 Navigation & Bombing System)^[71]
• AN/APN-170 Terrain-following radar^[70]
• AN/APR-12 Radar warning receiver^[72]
• Hughes Aircraft AN/APQ-69 podded Side looking airborne radar (mounted on RB-58A)^[73]
• Goodyear AN/APS-73 podded synthetic aperture radar (mounted on RB-58A)^[72]

Notable appearances in media

See also

• Convair Model 58-9

• BAC TSR-2
• Boeing XB-59
• Dassault Mirage IV
• Myasishchev M-50
• Tupolev Tu-22 'Blinder'

• List of bomber aircraft
• List of military aircraft of the United States

• CORDIC algorithm (a digital resolver for Convair's navigation computers CORDIC I and II)
• High Virgo
• Wagtail (missile)

References

Notes

Bibliography

• Adams, Chris. Deterrence: An Enduring Strategy. New York: IUniverse, Inc., 2009 {{ISBN|978-1-44016-9786}}
• Convair B-58 Hustler Pilot's Flight Operating Instructions. Washington, D.C.: United States Air Force, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-9816526-5-8}}.
• Converse, Elliott V. Rearming for the Cold War, 1945–1960 (History of Acquisition in the Department of Defense). Washington, D.C.: Office of the Secretary, Historical Office, 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-16091-132-3}}.
• Donald, David and Jon Lake, eds. Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft. London: AIRtime Publishing, 1996. {{ISBN|1-880588-24-2}}.
• Grant, R.G. and John R. Dailey. Flight: 100 Years of Aviation. Harlow, Essex: DK Adult, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-7566-1902-2}}.
• Gunston, Bill. American Warplanes. New York: Crown Publishers Inc., 1986, p. 162. {{ISBN|0-517-61351-4}}.
• Gunston, Bill. Bombers of the West. London: Ian Allan Ltd., 1973, pp. 185–213. {{ISBN|0-7110-0456-0}}.
• Hansen, Chuck. U.S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History. Arlington, Texas: Aerofax, 1988. {{ISBN|0-517-56740-7}}.
• Higham, Robin, Carol Williams and Abigail Siddall, eds. Flying Combat Aircraft of the USAAF-USAF (Vol. 1). Andrews AFB, Maryland: Air Force Historical Foundation, 1975. {{ISBN|0-8138-0325-X}}.
• Miller, Jay. Convair B-58 Hustler (Aerograph 4). Midland, UK: Aerofax, 1985. {{ISBN|0-942548-26-4}}.
• Miller, Jay. "History of the Hustler." Airpower, Vol. 6, No. 4, July 1976.
• Slade, Stuart. United States Strategic Bombers 1945–2012. Newtown, Connecticut: Defense Lion Publications, 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-5781-0525-3}}.
• Sorenson, David S. The Politics of Strategic Aircraft Modernization. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 1995. {{ISBN|978-0-2759-5258-7}}.
• Swanborough, Gordon and Peter M. Bowers. United States Military Aircraft Since 1909. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian, 1989. {{ISBN|0-87474-880-1}}.
• United States Air Force Museum Guidebook. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Museum Foundation, 1975.
• Veronico, Nicholas A. and Ron Strong. AMARG: America's Military Aircraft Boneyard. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-5800-7139-0}}.
• Wagner, Ray. American Combat Planes of the Twentieth Century. Reno, Nevada: Jack Bacon and Co., 2004. {{ISBN|0-930083-17-2}}.
• Wilson, Stewart. Combat Aircraft since 1945. Fyshwick, ACT, Australia: Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd, 2000, p. 38. {{ISBN|1-875671-50-1}}.
• Winchester, Jim, ed. "Convair B-58 Hustler." Military Aircraft of the Cold War (The Aviation Factfile). Rochester, Kent, UK: The Grange plc., 2006. {{ISBN|1-84013-929-3}}.

External links

• [https://www.scribd.com/doc/69424419 (1959) T.O. 1B-58A-1 Flight Manual USAF B/RB-58A Aircraft]{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• {{Internet Archive short film | ConvairB58HUSTLERChampionOfChampions | Champion of Champions }}
• B-58 Hustler Association Homepage
• Convair B-58 Hustler Rendezvous
• Aviation-history.com profile of the B-58
• B-58 photographs from the Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Company hosted by the Portal to Texas History
• B-58 Voice Warning Messages
• Offensive Systems and the Pod

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