词条 | Cookie | |||||
释义 |
| name = Cookie | image = 2ChocolateChipCookies.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Chocolate chip cookies | alternate_name = Biscuit | country = Persia, 7th century AD[1] | course = Snack, dessert | served = Often room temperature, although they may be served when still warm from the oven }} A cookie is a baked or cooked food that is small, flat and sweet. It usually contains flour, sugar and some type of oil or fat. It may include other ingredients such as raisins, oats, chocolate chips, nuts, etc. In most English-speaking countries except for the United States and Canada, crisp cookies are called biscuits. Chewier biscuits are sometimes called cookies even in the United Kingdom.[1] Some cookies may also be named by their shape, such as date squares or bars. Cookies or biscuits may be mass-produced in factories, made in small bakeries or homemade. Biscuit or cookie variants include sandwich biscuits, such as custard creams, Jammie Dodgers, Bourbons and Oreos, with marshmallow or jam filling and sometimes dipped in chocolate or another sweet coating. Cookies are often served with beverages such as milk, coffee or tea. Factory-made cookies are sold in grocery stores, convenience stores and vending machines. Fresh-baked cookies are sold at bakeries and coffeehouses, with the latter ranging from small business-sized establishments to multinational corporations such as Starbucks. TerminologyIn most English-speaking countries outside North America, including the United Kingdom, the most common word for a crisp cookie is biscuit.[1] The term cookie is normally used to describe chewier ones.[1] However, in many regions both terms are used. In Scotland the term cookie is sometimes used to describe a plain bun.[2] Cookies that are baked as a solid layer on a sheet pan and then cut, rather than being baked as individual pieces, are called in British English bar cookies or traybakes.[1] EtymologyIts American name derives from the Dutch word koekje or more precisely its informal, dialect variant koekie[3] which means little cake, and arrived in American English with the Dutch settlement of New Netherland, in the early 1600s. According to the Scottish National Dictionary, its Scottish name derives from the diminutive form (+ suffix -ie) of the word cook, giving the Middle Scots cookie, cooky or cu(c)kie. It also gives an alternative etymology: like the American word, from the Dutch koekje, the diminutive of koek, a cake. There was much trade and cultural contact across the North Sea between the Low Countries and Scotland during the Middle Ages, which can also be seen in the history of curling and, perhaps, golf. DescriptionCookies are most commonly baked until crisp or just long enough that they remain soft, but some kinds of cookies are not baked at all. Cookies are made in a wide variety of styles, using an array of ingredients including sugars, spices, chocolate, butter, peanut butter, nuts, or dried fruits. The softness of the cookie may depend on how long it is baked. A general theory of cookies may be formulated this way. Despite its descent from cakes and other sweetened breads, the cookie in almost all its forms has abandoned water as a medium for cohesion. Water in cakes serves to make the base (in the case of cakes called "batter"[4]) as thin as possible, which allows the bubbles – responsible for a cake's fluffiness – to better form. In the cookie, the agent of cohesion has become some form of oil. Oils, whether they be in the form of butter, vegetable oils, or lard, are much more viscous than water and evaporate freely at a much higher temperature than water. Thus a cake made with butter or eggs instead of water is far denser after removal from the oven. Oils in baked cakes do not behave as soda tends to in the finished result. Rather than evaporating and thickening the mixture, they remain, saturating the bubbles of escaped gases from what little water there might have been in the eggs, if added, and the carbon dioxide released by heating the baking powder. This saturation produces the most texturally attractive feature of the cookie, and indeed all fried foods: crispness saturated with a moisture (namely oil) that does not sink into it. HistoryCookie-like hard wafers have existed for as long as baking is documented, in part because they deal with travel very well, but they were usually not sweet enough to be considered cookies by modern standards.[5] Cookies appear to have their origins in 7th century AD Persia, shortly after the use of sugar became relatively common in the region.[6] They spread to Europe through the Muslim conquest of Spain. By the 14th century, they were common in all levels of society throughout Europe, from royal cuisine to street vendors.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} With global travel becoming widespread at that time, cookies made a natural travel companion, a modernized equivalent of the travel cakes used throughout history. One of the most popular early cookies, which traveled especially well and became known on every continent by similar names, was the jumble, a relatively hard cookie made largely from nuts, sweetener, and water. Cookies came to America through the Dutch in New Amsterdam in the late 1620s. The Dutch word "koekje" was Anglicized to "cookie" or cooky. The earliest reference to cookies in America is in 1703, when "The Dutch in New York provided...'in 1703...at a funeral 800 cookies...'"[7] The most common modern cookie, given its style by the creaming of butter and sugar, was not common until the 18th century.[8] ClassificationCookies are broadly classified according to how they are formed, including at least these categories:
Cookies also may be decorated with icing, especially chocolate, and closely resembles a type of confectionery. Notable varieties{{see also|List of cookies}}{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
Related pastries and confections{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
Manufacturers{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
Product lines and brands{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
Miscellaneous{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
See also{{portal|Food}}
References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite news|title = British desserts, explained for Americans confused by the Great British Baking Show|url = https://www.vox.com/2015/11/29/9806038/great-british-baking-show-pudding-biscuit|accessdate = 2015-12-03|last = Nelson|first = Libby|publisher = Vox|date = 29 November 2015|deadurl = no|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151202041535/http://www.vox.com/2015/11/29/9806038/great-british-baking-show-pudding-biscuit|archivedate = 2 December 2015|df = }} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9026125/cookie|title=cookie - food|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224235442/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9026125/cookie|archivedate=2008-02-24|df=}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mijnwoordenboek.nl/dialect-vertaler.php?woord=koekie|title=7 vertalingen voor het dialectwoord 'koekie'|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907165444/http://www.mijnwoordenboek.nl/dialect-vertaler.php?woord=koekie|archivedate=2014-09-07|df=}} 4. ^Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, Tenth Edition. Merriam-Webster, Inc.: 1999. 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcookies.html|title=The Food Timeline: history notes--cookies, crackers & biscuits|author=Lynne Olver|work=foodtimeline.org|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717061521/http://www.foodtimeline.org/foodcookies.html|archivedate=2012-07-17|df=}} 6. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/CookieHistory.htm |title=History of Cookies - Cookie History |publisher=Whatscookingamerica.net |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104004501/http://whatscookingamerica.net/History/CookieHistory.htm |archivedate=2008-11-04 |df= }} 7. ^{{cite book|last1=van der Sijs|first1=Nicoline|title=Cookies, Coleslaw, and Stoops: The Influence of Dutch on the North American Languages|date=Sep 15, 2009|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-9089641243|page=125|edition=Paperback}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ochef.com/25.htm|title=History of cookies/biscuits|work=ochef.com|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302032040/http://www.ochef.com/25.htm|archivedate=2008-03-02|df=}} 9. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rposIz_NyuIC&pg=PA251 |page=251 |title=Better Homes and Gardens New Cook Book |first1=Jan |last1=Miller |accessdate=January 6, 2017|isbn=9780696224034 |year=2006 }} Further reading
External links{{wiktionary|cookie|koekje}}{{cookbook}}
5 : Biscuits (British style)|Cookies|Desserts|Snack foods|Types of food |
|||||
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。