| 词条 | Joint Defense Facility Nurrungar |
| 释义 |
Joint Defence Facility Nurrungar (JDFN), located on the edge of Island Lagoon, approximately 15 km south of Woomera, South Australia, was an Earth station in Australia operated jointly by the Australian Department of Defence and the United States Air Force from 1969 through to 1999. Its official area of emphasis was space-based surveillance, in particular the early detection of missile launches and nuclear detonations using U.S. Defense Support Program satellites in geostationary orbits. The name Nurrungar derives from an aboriginal term meaning "listen". HistoryCold WarDuring the Cold War the site was crucially important to America's defences, being a facility for providing "launch on warning" surveillance of enemy ICBM and other rocket launches.[1] Not surprisingly, it was also regarded as one of the Soviets' top ten targets in the event that such an attack would actually take place.[1] Politically it was both a symbol of U.S.-Australian relations, and highly controversial in Australia. This was mainly due to fears that the site could prompt a nuclear attack on Australian soil, and antipathy towards the US alliance amongst the Australian political left.[2] Political demonstrations were staged at the facility in 1989, 1991 and 1993.[3] Despite allegations that Australians were restricted from areas crucial to the facility's intelligence gathering capabilities, Australian military personnel were fully integrated into the site's operations.[4] The public in general was not even aware of its existence until November 1970, a full year after it had been in operation. Its precise location did not leak out until some time later. Vietnam WarLeaked Department of Defence documents have revealed that satellites controlled by the Pine Gap and Nurrungar facilities were used to pinpoint targets for bombings in Cambodia.[5] Persian Gulf WarDuring the Persian Gulf War it managed to score a few positive publicity notes for detecting early launches of Iraqi Scud missile attacks; years later, a USAF assessment would emerge revealing that oversights at the base were partly responsible for one of the worst disasters for Coalition forces during the war, on 26 February 1991 when an Iraqi Scud missile struck a warehouse housing U.S. soldiers, killing 28 and injuring more than 100. Due to the operational environment and the NORAD ROE at the time, JDFN system was not able to positively identify the Scud missile attack realtime. It was only after this attack that the operational ROE was changed. Had the new operational ROE been in place before Feb 1991, JDFN would have positively identified the attack realtime.[6] The report found that ground operators at Nurrungar played a part in the tragedy, which the Air Force described as a "worst case combination of events"; these were in turn compounded by failures in the MIM-104 Patriot intercept system deployed near the Dhahran base itself. DecommissioningAfter September 1999 its operations were moved to the Joint Defense Facility Pine Gap, near Alice Springs, and ownership of the premises was transferred to the Woomera Test Range (headquartered in Adelaide). The ADF now uses the site occasionally for army test and evaluation work under the approval of the Woomera Test Range. The Woomera Test Range has taken some new steps with the announcement of Project JP3024, "Remediation of the Woomera Test Range". While Nurrungar is not specifically included in that project, Army and Air Force have been jointly using the site off and on since 2009. The site is surrounded by a high-security perimeter fence and still includes one of the old (believed heritage-listed) large radome structures. The radome still has the old satellite dish inside but it is believed all the operating mechanisms have long since been stripped out and sold for scrap. "[7] Current state of the facilityInside the fence of the large facility, {{As of|2013|5|5|lc=y}} there are many large rooms including kitchens and some secure, bullet-proof rooms. There is even still a tennis court on the grounds. The whole facility is completely empty and stripped of lights and power plugs. Along the inside of the fence there are rows of barbed wire, microwave beams and other security features. References1. ^1 Coleman, Matt Inside Nurrungar Inside Nurrungar ABC PM Archive, 16 September 1999 2. ^Catley, Bob and Mosler, David: America and Americans in Australia, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998, pp. 36-37 3. ^History of the Australian Anti-Bases Campaign Coalition {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012114412/http://www.anti-bases.org/history.htm |date=12 October 2007 }} 4. ^Nurrungar History {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719115556/http://www.woomera.com.au/history/nurrungar.htm |date=19 July 2008 }} 5. ^John Pilger, 'The Coup', in 'A Secret Country', 1989 6. ^Patriot TMD at Global Security.org 7. ^{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060819102612/http://www.woomera.com.au/range/nurrungar.htm |date=19 August 2006 |title=Nurrungar}} External links
6 : UKUSA listening stations|Earth stations in South Australia|Australia–United States relations|Military installations of the United States in Australia|1969 establishments in Australia|1999 disestablishments in Australia |
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