| 词条 | Joseph Saxton |
| 释义 |
Joseph Saxton (March 22, 1799 – October 26, 1873) was an American inventor, watchmaker, machinist, and photographer from Pennsylvania. Saxton is considered to be the first known American photographer for taking the oldest known photograph in the United States in 1839. Early lifeJoseph Saxton was born in Huntingdon, Pennsylvania and first entered as an apprentice to a watchmaker when he was twelve years old.[1] CareerPhiladelphiaIn 1817, aged 18, Joseph Saxton moved to Philadelphia where he found employment as a watchmaker, engraver, and apprentice machinist. During this time, he made his first inventions: a machine for cutting the teeth of marine chronometer wheels and an escapement and compensating pendulum for clocks. He also constructed a clock for the newly-rebuilt steeple of the Independence Hall.[2] EnglandLooking to further his education, Joseph Saxton traveled to London, England in 1828 and resided there nine years. For most of his stay he was employed by the Adelaide Gallery of Practical Science, a museum for the public that demonstrated new inventions and scientific principles.[3] While working for the gallery, Saxton invented the magneto-electric machine, an apparatus for measuring the velocity of vessels, a device for measuring the height of water in a steam boiler, the riflescope, and the fountain pen prototype.[4] Return to the USAfter almost a decade abroad, Saxton returned to Philadelphia in 1837 and accepted a position at the Philadelphia Mint, first as superintended the making of machinery and then as curator of weights and measures, accurate sets of which were furnished to national and State governments. Among his inventions of this time may be mentioned a mirror comparator for comparing standards of length and a new form of dividing engine; a self-registering tide gauge, and an immersed hydrometer. In the fall of 1839, Saxton used a daguerreotype to take what is generally considered to be the first known photograph taken in the U.S. The image was taken from the window of his office at the Philadelphia Mint and captured the cupola of Central High School and a portion of the State Armory building.[5] Fellow photographic pioneer Robert Cornelius, the author of the first photographic portrait ever taken, designed the photographic plate of the image.[6][7] The exact date of the photograph is unknown, with the first reference to it appearing on 24 October 1839 in the United States Gazette.[5] Later lifeFrom 1843 until his death, three decades later, he was superintendent of weights and measures for the United States Coast Survey.[1] He died in Washington, D.C. on 26 October 1873.[5] He was a member of the American Philosophical Society, the Franklin Institute and the National Academy of Sciences.[5] In 1843 he was awarded the John Scott Legacy Medal and Premium by the Franklin Institute for the invention of his reflecting pyrometer.[1] See also
References1. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://www.invent.org/inductees/joseph-saxton|title=Joseph Saxton {{!}} The National Inventors Hall of Fame|website=www.invent.org|access-date=2019-01-04}} {{s-start}}{{s-gov}}{{s-bef | before=Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler}}{{s-ttl | title=Superintendent of Weights and Measures | years=1843–1873}}{{s-aft | after= ? }}{{s-end}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Saxton, Joseph}}2. ^{{Cite journal|last=Rung|first=Albert M.|date=July 1940|title=Joseph Saxton: Pennsylvania Inventor and Pioneer Photographer|journal=Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies|volume=7|issue=3|pages=153–158|jstor=27766416}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_arc_217215|title=Record Unit 7056, Saxton, Joseph, 1799-1873, Joseph Saxton Papers, 1821-1856|date=|website=Smithsonian Institution Archives|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-04}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20000938.html|title=Joseph Saxton|last=|first=|date=|website=National Academy of Science|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-04}} 5. ^1 2 3 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ro/books?id=Kd5cAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography|last=Ambrose|first=Jenny|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|isbn=9781135873271|editor-last=Hannavy|editor-first=John|location=New York|pages=1247|language=en}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2015/12/31/43550/|title=Meet Robert Cornelius: He took the first Selfie in the world back in 1839|last=Templar|first=Simon|date=31 December 2015|website=The Vintage News|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-04}} 7. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ro/books?id=Kd5cAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography|last=Johnson|first=Carol|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|isbn=9781135873271|editor-last=Hannavy|editor-first=John|location=New York|pages=339|language=en}} 4 : 1799 births|1873 deaths|People from Philadelphia|19th-century American inventors |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。