| 词条 | Julius Bernstein |
| 释义 |
Academic careerHe studied medicine at the University of Breslau under Rudolf Heidenhain (1834-1897), and at the University of Berlin with Emil Du Bois-Reymond (1818-1896). He received his medical degree at Berlin in 1862, and two years later began work in the physiological institute at the University of Heidelberg as an assistant to Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894). In 1872 he succeeded Friedrich Goltz (1834-1902) as professor of physiology at the University of Halle, where in 1881 he founded an institute of physiology.[2] ContributionsBernstein's work was concentrated in the fields of neurobiology and biophysics. He is largely recognized for his "membrane hypothesis" in regards to the origin of the "resting potential" and the "action potential" in the nerve.[3] Bernstein (1902, 1912) correctly proposed that excitable cells are surrounded by a membrane selectively permeable to K+ ions at rest and that during excitation the membrane permeability to other ions increases. His "membrane hypothesis" explained the resting potential of nerve and muscle as a diffusion potential set up by the tendency of positively charged ions to diffuse from their high concentration in cytoplasm to their low concentration in the extracellular solution while other ions are held back. During excitation, the internal negativity would be lost transiently as other ions are allowed to diffuse across the membrane, effectively short-circuiting the K+ diffusion potential. In the English-language literature, the words "membrane breakdown" were used to describe Bernstein's view of excitation. (From Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes, Third Edition, by Bertil Hille). Bernstein's pioneering research laid the groundwork for experimentation on the conduction of the nerve impulse, and eventually the transmission of information in the nervous system. He is credited with invention of a "differential rheotome", a device used to measure the velocity of bio-electric impulses.[3][4] The German Bernstein Network Computational Neuroscience has been named after him.[5] Written works
References{{Wikisource author}}
1. ^{{MacTutor Biography|id=Bernstein_Felix}} 2. ^1 Short biography, bibliography, and links on digitized sources in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science 3. ^1 [https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/bioelectrochemistry/bernstein.htm&date=2009-10-25+16:35:03 Geocities.com] Short biography 4. ^1 Seyfarth E-A. (2006), "Julius Bernstein (1839–1917): pioneer neurobiologist and biophysicist" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719103128/http://www.nncn.uni-freiburg.de/pdfs/bernsteinEn |date=2011-07-19 }}, Biological Cybernetics 94: 2–8 Biol Cybern (2006) 94: 2–8 {{DOI|10.1007/s00422-005-0031-y}} 5. ^Why 'Bernstein'? at the NNCN web site
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11 : 1839 births|1917 deaths|Scientists from Berlin|People from the Province of Brandenburg|German Jews|German physiologists|German neuroscientists|University of Breslau alumni|Humboldt University of Berlin alumni|Heidelberg University faculty|Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg faculty |
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