1. Route
    London to Honiton  Exeter to Penzance 

2. History
    17th – 18th centuries  19th century  20th century  21st century  Other proposals 

3. Cultural references

4. References

The A30 is a major road in England, running WSW from London to Land's End. It is {{convert|284|miles|km|0}} long.

The length of the road was a principal axis in Britain from the 17th century to early 19th century, when it was a major coaching route. It used to provide the fastest route from London to the South West by land until a century before roads were numbered; nowadays much of this function is performed by the M3 (including A316) and A303 roads. The road has kept its principal status in the west from Honiton, Devon to Land's End where it is mainly dual carriageway and retains trunk road status.

Route

London to Honiton

The A30 begins at Henlys Roundabout, where the route stems from the A4 near Hounslow. It runs south of the Southern Perimeter Road, Heathrow Airport and north of Ashford and Staines-upon-Thames, before reaching the M25 motorway orbital motorway. This first section is entirely dual carriageway. Taken with the A4, its natural continuation which nearby becomes non-dualled towards the M25, the section constitutes one of five routes into the southern half of London which reach Inner London with at least a dual-carriageway, the others being the A3 (M), the M3, the M20 and A2, however approximately one mile before reaching Inner London it is combined with the London variants of the M3 and M4 approaches.

After running astride the M25 to cross the Thames on a bridge designed by Lutyens, the Runnymede Bridge, the A30 runs parallel to but distant from the M3 until southwest of Basingstoke, bypassing Egham and passing through the relatively high acid heathland and town centres of Sunningdale, Bagshot, Camberley where the route almost mirrors the Devil's Highway, a stone (stane) street to Calleva Atrebatum (Silchester Roman town), believed to be older still, then passes close to Hook town centre and in the surrounding country the soil is arable.

Where the M3 changes direction (between North Waltham and Popham, at the Popham Interchange) the A303 begins leading to {{convert|2|mi}} subsumation of the A30 (the A30 loses continuity). {{efn|From North Waltham, Hampshire to nearby Micheldever Station, the A30 is subsumed into the A303 and one version remains so until Sutton Scotney/Bullington, the intersection with the Oxford (etc)—Southampton road, the A34, from where the A30 revives running south along Bullington Lane almost alongside the A34 before resuming a direct west south-westerly route to Salisbury and beyond; however along this combined A303-A30 section at Coxford Hill above Micheldever railway station an original version branches off linking more directly Sutton Scotney village from that point and enabling a cycle route to avoid Popham and the dual carriageway, taking a detour through North Waltham village.}} From Sutton Scotney village the A30 runs parallel to the latter road as-the-crow-flies {{convert|85|mi}} to north-east of Honiton, Devon passing through towns Stockbridge (where it meets its first substantive river since the Thames, the Test) and its trout fishing centres, Shaftesbury, Sherborne, Yeovil, Crewkerne and Chard. Between Stockbridge and Shaftesbury it enters the cathedral city of Salisbury.

Between the M25 and Honiton, the A30 is mostly single carriageway, carrying local traffic with short stretches of dual carriageway from Camberley to Basingstoke, which has a dualled inner ring road, two between Stockbridge and Salisbury (an alike ring road shared with the A36), and between Sherborne and Yeovil.

Exeter to Penzance

This section is a trunk road as far as Penzance.^[1] It is mostly dual carriageway, but there are some short sections of single carriageway.

To pass Exeter, through traffic can join the M5 motorway for three miles. West of Exeter, the A30 is dual carriageway through Devon and into Cornwall, bypassing Whiddon Down, Okehampton and Launceston. The dual carriageway continues through Cornwall to Carland Cross, after which there is a single carriageway stretch to Chiverton Cross. Highways England are currently progressing plans to dual this section of carriageway. A Preferred Route Announcement was made July 2017 and an [https://infrastructure.planninginspectorate.gov.uk/projects/south-west/a30-chiverton-to-carland-cross-scheme/ application] for a Development Consent Order was accepted for examination in September 2018. Construction is due to start in 2020.

From Chiverton Cross, the dual carriageway bypasses Redruth and Camborne. The A30 returns to single carriageway west of Camborne, and a mid-1980s bypass takes the road around Hayle. Between Hayle and Penzance, the A30 returns to the original route and it passes through several villages. Approaching Penzance, the A30 briefly becomes a dual carriageway once again. Once west of Penzance, the A30 becomes a more rural road running through or past several villages, before terminating at Land's End.

History

17th – 18th centuries

The bulk of the A30 follows the historic London – Land's End coaching road. The road appeared on John Ogilby's map of Britain in 1675,^[2] and was covered by Ogilby's later strip-maps showing "The Road from London to The Land's End in Cornwall". The coaching route started at Hyde Park Corner, closer to the centre of London than the modern A30, closely mirroring the modern route as far as Exeter, except for three sections, the longest being the westernmost.

• Knightsbridge to Bedfont, the intermittent A315 in today's numbering.
• Basingstoke to Salisbury via Andover
• Exeter to Penzance via Ashburton, Plymouth and following the Cornish south coast via St Austell.^[3] Ogilby described it as "The Post-Office making this one of their Principal Roads" and thought the section through Surrey and Hampshire was "in general a very good Road with suitable Entertainment".^[4]

It is described as the "Great Road to Land's End" in the Magna Britannia, published in the early 19th century.^[5] As the coaching road to Land's End was a major route, it was a popular place for highwaymen. William Davies, also known as the Golden Farmer, robbed several coaches travelling across Bagshot Heath. He was hanged in 1689 at a gallows at the local gibbet hill between Bagshot and Camberley. The Jolly Farmer pub was built near the site of the gallows (gibbet), a junction.^[6]

19th century

At the turn of the 19th century, William Hanning created the "New Direct Road", a fast coaching route between London and Exeter. The road deviated from Ogilby's route running via Amesbury and Ilminster, rejoining the older road at Honiton. It became popular with postal services such as The Subscription. In 1831, a race was held between London and Exeter via the New Direct Road, which resulted in a dead heat. {{convert|170|miles}} were covered in 13 hours, compared to a typical early 18th century time of four days.^[7] In response to the competition of routes, a new turnpike road was built west of Chard, avoiding the historic route to Honiton via Stockland, with several steep hills. This road met the New Direct Road near Upottery.^[8]{{efn|This junction explains why the A30 turns off at Upottery to become a minor road towards Yarcombe, while the road immediately ahead becomes the A303}}

Historically, the route between London and Land's End was also called the "Great South-West Road". In the 21st century, the name only refers to a small section of the road near Heathrow.^[9]

20th century

The A30 was one of the first roads to be classified by the Ministry of Transport for funding in 1921. It followed Ogilby's route up to Exeter, then the basic route of the modern A30 through Okehampton, Launceston and Bodmin to the Greenmarket in Penzance, where it ended.^[10] It was extended to Land's End in 1925.^[11]

The Great South West Road section of the A30 around Heathrow had been planned as the western end of the Great West Road project, one of the first bypasses built for motor traffic. Construction began in 1914 but was quickly halted because of World War I. It resumed construction in 1919.^[12] The full route from Chiswick to Ashford was opened by King George V on 30 May 1925.^[13]

Following the construction of a bypass around Basingstoke, the route of the A30 was changed on 1 April 1933 to run by Sutton Scotney and Stockbridge, rejoining the original route at Lopcombe Corner east of Salisbury. An alternative route, the A303 was created out of existing roads at the same time between Micheldever Station and the Blackdown Hills, that followed the basic course of Hanning's New Direct Road.^[9] The A30 remained the principal route between London and Exeter, until the A303 became a trunk road in 1958, receiving central Government funding and relegating the parallel A30 to a local road.^[14]

By the mid-20th century, large sections of the A30 were struggling to cope with the increasing demands of road traffic. In the mid-1960s, numerous councils complained that the Secretary of State for Transport, Barbara Castle, decided that improvements to the A38 from Exeter to Plymouth were of higher priority for funding than any work on the A30. Cornwall County Council complained that the A30 through the county was narrow and twisted, and known as the "stage coach trail".^[15]

Following World War II, the Ministry of Transport planned a large-scale upgrade of the A30 across south-west England, with the eventual intention that most of the route would be at least dual-carriageway.^[16] The M3 motorway was planned as a replacement for the A30 between London and Popham. Following a public enquiry in 1966, the line was fixed the following year.^[17] The work was completed as far as Bagshot in 1971, then to Sunbury-on-Thames in 1974.^[18] In 1971, the Secretary of State for the Environment, Peter Walker announced many upgrades of the A30 across Devon and Cornwall, identifying the section from Okehampton to Bodmin as a key area of improvement.^[19]

The {{convert|2.2|miles|adj=on}} Honiton dual-carriageway bypass opened in early December 1966 at a cost of £984,000.^[20] The Hayle bypass was first proposed in the late 1970s. It was controversial, and Dora Russell protested against its construction.^[21] It was completed in 1985.^[22]

The section between Honiton and Exeter in East Devon was upgraded in 1999 to dual carriageway, giving quicker access to Exeter International Airport. This road was built under the Design Build Finance Operate (DBFO) scheme by the private consortium Connect A30, who receive a shadow toll from the Government for each vehicle travelling along the road.^[24] Archaeological investigations during the work found a Roman cavalry garrison and later settlement at Pomeroy Wood.^[25] There were several protests by environmentalists during construction and the particular nature of the DBFO scheme, with a long-lasting occupation of sites on the planned route, focused around Fairmile. Swampy received press attention for his part in this protest. Along with other controversial road plans, including the M3 completion over Twyford Down and the Newbury Bypass, the action led to a slowdown in road construction throughout Britain.^[26]

21st century

During 2006 one of the main bottlenecks on the road was removed when the Merrymeet roundabout between Okehampton and Exeter near Whiddon Down was replaced with a grade-separated junction and dual carriageway.^[27]

Since the Bodmin to Indian Queens project was completed in late 2007, the new dual carriageway runs to the north of Goss Moor. The previous road has been converted to a cycle lane.^[28] In December 2012 it was announced that {{convert|2.8|miles}} from Temple to Higher Carblake would be upgraded to a dual carriageway.^[29] Building started in early 2015, and was completed in summer 2017. This work made the A30 continuous dual carriageway between the M5 at Exeter and Carland Cross in Cornwall.^[30]

In 2008, British Airways Flight 38 crashlanded near this highway.

In 2014, the A30 was identified as one of several key routes in the Government's Road Investment Strategy, turning it into a strategic corridor for southwest England. This includes further dual carriageway improvements east of Honiton towards the Blackdown Hills.^[31][32]

Other proposals

Dualling of the stretch between Carland Cross and Chiverton Cross would establish a continuous dual carriageway from Exeter right through to Camborne. Although this was shelved in 2006 as it was not considered a regional priority,^[33] it was included within the government's [https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/408514/ris-for-2015-16-road-period-web-version.pdf Road Investment Strategy] in 2014. The [https://highwaysengland.citizenspace.com/he/a30-chiverton-to-carland-cross-improvement-scheme/results/a30-chiverton_final_artwork.pdf preferred route] was announced in July 2017, and on 27th September 2018, the application for a Development Consent Order was accepted for examination by the Planning Inspectorate. Work is expected to commence in 2020 and cost £290m.

Cultural references

In Monty Python's Flying Circus, episode 34: The Cycling Tour, Mr Pither laments "As I lay down to the sound of the Russian gentlemen practising their shooting, I realised I was in a bit of a pickle. My heart sank as I realised I should never see the Okehampton by-pass again...", just before his impending execution in Russia.^[36]

References

• Airat Mardeev
• AirAttack (video game)
• Airavana
• AIR Avellino
• Airay, Christopher
• Aira Yuhki
• Air Bagan 11
• Airbag (Argentine band)
• Airbag launching
• Air Balloon (Lily Allen song)
• AirBaltic destinations
• Air B and B
• Air Barons
• Air Base 942 Lyon-Mont Verdun
• Air Base 942 Lyon - Mont Verdun
• Airbase Arizona Aircraft Museum
• Airbase Golubovci
• Air base in the Azores
• Airbase Podgorica
• Air bases in the Azores
• Air Base Slatina
• Air battle manager
• Air battle of El Mansoura
• Air Battle of El Mansoura
• Airbeam